Energy from Waste - Revision history

Bin52: minor text change

2021-04-26T13:51:21Z

minor text change

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	The most recent recent [[BAT\|BREF]] guidance<ref name="Inc">[https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/new-eu-environmental-standards-waste-incineration BAT and BREF for Waste incineration]</ref> also sets out how [[Incineration\|incinerators]] can be described by:		The most recent recent [[BAT\|BREF]] guidance<ref name="Inc">[https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/new-eu-environmental-standards-waste-incineration BAT and BREF for Waste incineration]</ref> also sets out how [[Incineration\|incinerators]] can be described by:
	* waste origin (e.g. Municipal Incinerators), '''and in WikiWaste includes [[Residual Waste EFW]] and [[Biomass Waste EFW]]''',		* waste origin (e.g. Municipal Incinerators), '''and in WikiWaste includes [[Residual Waste EFW]] and [[Biomass Waste EFW]]''',
	* the nature of the waste (e.g. Hazardous Waste Incinerators), ~~'''and in WikiWaste includes [[Hazardous Waste Incineration]] and [[Clinical Waste Incineration]]''' (which may or may not be [[EfW]]~~		* the nature of the waste (e.g. Hazardous Waste Incinerators),
	* the method/type of incineration (e.g. High Temperature Incinerators) ~~(which may or may not be~~ [[~~EfW~~]])		* the method/type of incineration (e.g. High Temperature Incinerators)

			In WikiWaste these last two bullet points are covered in '''[[High Temperature and Clinical Waste Incineration]]'''.

	However, there are a range of other terms used in the sector to describe different types of incineration and [[Energy from Waste]], the kiln/furnace used, and the [[subsidy]] that may apply to them, and these are captured in the table below:		However, there are a range of other terms used in the sector to describe different types of incineration and [[Energy from Waste]], the kiln/furnace used, and the [[subsidy]] that may apply to them, and these are captured in the table below:

Admin at 08:12, 9 April 2021

2021-04-09T08:12:28Z

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	\|[[Fluidised Bed]]		\|[[Fluidised Bed]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|rowspan=2\|[[Gasification]]\|\|rowspan=2\|500 - 1600\|\|rowspan=2\| [[Advanced Thermal Treatment]] ([[ATT]] and [[ACT]])\|\|[[Rotary]]		\|rowspan=2\|[[Gasification]]\|\|rowspan=2\|500 - 1600\|\|rowspan=2\| [[Advanced Thermal Treatment]] ([[ATT]] and [[ACT]])\|\|[[Rotary Kiln]]

	\|-		\|-
	\|rowspan=3\|[[Incineration without Energy Recovery\|Without Energy Recovery]]\|\|[[Plasma]]		\|rowspan=3\|[[Incineration without Energy Recovery\|Without Energy Recovery]]\|\|[[Plasma]]

Northern Chick: /* Emissions */

2021-03-09T14:09:43Z

Emissions

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:09, 9 March 2021
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	==Emissions==		==Emissions==
	The standards for emissions limits, monitoring, waste reception and treatment standards that are acceptable for waste incineration plants were set in the [[Waste Incineration Directive]] (2000/76/EC) and updated in the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]] (2010/75/EU)<ref name='ref01' />. The [[Industrial Emissions Directive]] provides the framework ~~for regulating~~ across the EU and requires such installations to hold a [[Environmental Permit\|Permit]] based on the use of [[Best Available Technique]] ([[BAT]]).		The standards for emissions limits, monitoring, waste reception and treatment standards that are acceptable for waste incineration plants were set in the [[Waste Incineration Directive]] (2000/76/EC) and updated in the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]] (2010/75/EU)<ref name='ref01' />. The [[Industrial Emissions Directive]] provides the regulatory framework across the EU and requires such installations to hold a [[Environmental Permit\|Permit]] based on the use of [[Best Available Technique]] ([[BAT]]).

	On the 3rd December 2019 new EU standards were published for waste incineration <ref name="Inc" /> for new emissions, monitoring and efficiency standards. The new specifications stem from a review of [[Best Available Technique]] ([[BAT]]) Reference Document ([[BAT\|BREF]]) for Waste Incineration.		On the 3rd December 2019 new EU standards were published for waste incineration <ref name="Inc" /> for new emissions, monitoring and efficiency standards. The new specifications stem from a review of [[Best Available Technique]] ([[BAT]]) Reference Document ([[BAT\|BREF]]) for Waste Incineration.

Northern Chick: /* Outputs */ Introsduction of Industrial emissions directive

2021-03-09T14:08:19Z

Outputs: Introsduction of Industrial emissions directive

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	The residual [[Incinerator Bottom Ash]] or [[IBA]] left after the combustion process is generally around 20% of the input tonnage by weight for a [[Residual Waste EFW]] plant, but will vary in quantity and chemical composition depending on the composition of the waste feedstock. This often contains minerals and metals along with non-combustible ash, which is increasingly being recycled into [[Secondary Aggregates]], with some being used for the building of roads once processed (after processing [[IBA]] is termed [[IBBA]])<ref name='ref3'>WRAP, 2019. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/6_O_And_EFW_Guidance_Outputs.pdf EfW Outputs and Residues Guidance on the management of energy outputs and residues including air pollution control residues and incinerator bottom ash. EfW Development Guidance.] [online] [Accessed 30 Oct. 2019].</ref>.		The residual [[Incinerator Bottom Ash]] or [[IBA]] left after the combustion process is generally around 20% of the input tonnage by weight for a [[Residual Waste EFW]] plant, but will vary in quantity and chemical composition depending on the composition of the waste feedstock. This often contains minerals and metals along with non-combustible ash, which is increasingly being recycled into [[Secondary Aggregates]], with some being used for the building of roads once processed (after processing [[IBA]] is termed [[IBBA]])<ref name='ref3'>WRAP, 2019. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/6_O_And_EFW_Guidance_Outputs.pdf EfW Outputs and Residues Guidance on the management of energy outputs and residues including air pollution control residues and incinerator bottom ash. EfW Development Guidance.] [online] [Accessed 30 Oct. 2019].</ref>.

	The combustion gases from [[EfW]] are cleaned in several stages to a strict standard set by the [[~~Waste Incineration~~ Directive]] ([[~~WID~~]]), which are monitored by the Environment Agency (EA) in England. This gas cleaning results in a residual [[Flue Ash]] which is around 3% of the overall input to the plant by weight depending on the level of gas cleaning required. [[Fly Ash]] and [[Air Pollution Control]] (APC) residues are often combined. [[APC]] residues contain ash, carbon and lime in varying quantities and is considered a [[Hazardous Waste]] to be disposed of in a [[Hazardous Landfill]], or sometimes to be further processed through washing or stabilisation in order to make it a non-hazardous waste and allow it to be disposed of in a [[Non-hazardous Landfill]]<ref name='ref3' />.		The combustion gases from [[EfW]] are cleaned in several stages to a strict standard set by the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]] ([[IED]]), which are monitored by the Environment Agency (EA) in England. This gas cleaning results in a residual [[Flue Ash]] which is around 3% of the overall input to the plant by weight depending on the level of gas cleaning required. [[Fly Ash]] and [[Air Pollution Control]] (APC) residues are often combined. [[APC]] residues contain ash, carbon and lime in varying quantities and is considered a [[Hazardous Waste]] to be disposed of in a [[Hazardous Landfill]], or sometimes to be further processed through washing or stabilisation in order to make it a non-hazardous waste and allow it to be disposed of in a [[Non-hazardous Landfill]]<ref name='ref3' />.

	The [[Syngas]] produced from [[Advanced Conversion Technology \| Advanced Conversion Technologies]] is comprised of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane. This is often combusted in order to generate electricity or in [[Waste to Chemicals]] processes it can be turned into a fuel<ref name='ref3' />.		The [[Syngas]] produced from [[Advanced Conversion Technology \| Advanced Conversion Technologies]] is comprised of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane. This is often combusted in order to generate electricity or in [[Waste to Chemicals]] processes it can be turned into a fuel<ref name='ref3' />.

Northern Chick: /* Outputs */

2021-03-09T14:06:34Z

Outputs

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:06, 9 March 2021
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	Aside from the desired electricity, heat, steam or chemicals (including fuels) generated from the Energy from Waste process; a range of by-products are also produced.The by-products produced from [[EfW]] processes vary in composition and quantity depending on the type of waste used as a feedstock, and the technology implemented<ref name='ref3' />.		Aside from the desired electricity, heat, steam or chemicals (including fuels) generated from the Energy from Waste process; a range of by-products are also produced.The by-products produced from [[EfW]] processes vary in composition and quantity depending on the type of waste used as a feedstock, and the technology implemented<ref name='ref3' />.

	The residual [[Incinerator Bottom Ash]] or [[IBA]] left after the combustion process is generally around 20% of the input tonnage by weight for a [[Residual Waste EFW]] plant, but will vary in quantity and chemical composition depending on the composition of the waste feedstock. This often contains minerals and metals along with non-combustible ash, which is increasingly being recycled into [[Secondary Aggregates]], with some being used for the building of roads once processed (after processing [[IBA]] is termed [[IBBA]]<ref name='ref3'>WRAP, 2019. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/6_O_And_EFW_Guidance_Outputs.pdf EfW Outputs and Residues Guidance on the management of energy outputs and residues including air pollution control residues and incinerator bottom ash. EfW Development Guidance.] [online] [Accessed 30 Oct. 2019].</ref>.		The residual [[Incinerator Bottom Ash]] or [[IBA]] left after the combustion process is generally around 20% of the input tonnage by weight for a [[Residual Waste EFW]] plant, but will vary in quantity and chemical composition depending on the composition of the waste feedstock. This often contains minerals and metals along with non-combustible ash, which is increasingly being recycled into [[Secondary Aggregates]], with some being used for the building of roads once processed (after processing [[IBA]] is termed [[IBBA]])<ref name='ref3'>WRAP, 2019. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/6_O_And_EFW_Guidance_Outputs.pdf EfW Outputs and Residues Guidance on the management of energy outputs and residues including air pollution control residues and incinerator bottom ash. EfW Development Guidance.] [online] [Accessed 30 Oct. 2019].</ref>.

	The combustion gases from [[EfW]] are cleaned in several stages to a strict standard set by the [[Waste Incineration Directive]] ([[WID]]), which are monitored by the Environment Agency (EA) in England. This gas cleaning results in a residual [[Flue Ash]] which is around 3% of the overall input to the plant by weight depending on the level of gas cleaning required. [[Fly Ash]] and [[Air Pollution Control]] (APC) residues are often combined. [[APC]] residues contain ash, carbon and lime in varying quantities and is considered a [[Hazardous Waste]] to be disposed of in a [[Hazardous Landfill]], or sometimes to be further processed through washing or stabilisation in order to make it a non-hazardous waste and allow it to be disposed of in a [[Non-hazardous Landfill]]<ref name='ref3' />.		The combustion gases from [[EfW]] are cleaned in several stages to a strict standard set by the [[Waste Incineration Directive]] ([[WID]]), which are monitored by the Environment Agency (EA) in England. This gas cleaning results in a residual [[Flue Ash]] which is around 3% of the overall input to the plant by weight depending on the level of gas cleaning required. [[Fly Ash]] and [[Air Pollution Control]] (APC) residues are often combined. [[APC]] residues contain ash, carbon and lime in varying quantities and is considered a [[Hazardous Waste]] to be disposed of in a [[Hazardous Landfill]], or sometimes to be further processed through washing or stabilisation in order to make it a non-hazardous waste and allow it to be disposed of in a [[Non-hazardous Landfill]]<ref name='ref3' />.

Northern Chick: /* Overview */ additon of regulatory authorities

2021-03-09T13:54:23Z

Overview: additon of regulatory authorities

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:54, 9 March 2021
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	The energy produced by an [[EfW]] facility can either be converted to electricity to boost the National Grid and/or provide heat in the form of hot water or steam for use by nearby developments. A plant facilitating the generation of electrical power and recovery of usable heat from a combustion process is termed a [[Combined Heat and Power]] ([[CHP]]) plant and it is more efficient than [[EfW]] that is focused on power generation alone. [[Energy from Waste]] facilities can be used to generate [[Baseload Technologies \| base load power]] as they produce a steady, reliable amount of energy but generally cannot be adjusted to meet peak demands. The development of an [[EfW]] plant is complex, with many inter-locking requirements for successful delivery<ref> WRAP, 2012. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/O_And_EFW_Guidance_FULL.pdf EfW Development Guidance. Waste and Resources Action Programme.] </ref>.		The energy produced by an [[EfW]] facility can either be converted to electricity to boost the National Grid and/or provide heat in the form of hot water or steam for use by nearby developments. A plant facilitating the generation of electrical power and recovery of usable heat from a combustion process is termed a [[Combined Heat and Power]] ([[CHP]]) plant and it is more efficient than [[EfW]] that is focused on power generation alone. [[Energy from Waste]] facilities can be used to generate [[Baseload Technologies \| base load power]] as they produce a steady, reliable amount of energy but generally cannot be adjusted to meet peak demands. The development of an [[EfW]] plant is complex, with many inter-locking requirements for successful delivery<ref> WRAP, 2012. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/O_And_EFW_Guidance_FULL.pdf EfW Development Guidance. Waste and Resources Action Programme.] </ref>.

	In the most widely used [[EfW]] process, [[waste]] is [[treatment\|treated]] via [[Combustion]] on a moving [[Grate]]. Air is introduced above and beneath the [[Grate]] in carefully controlled amounts to ensure proper [[Combustion]]. Good combustion is needed to manage the emissions from an [[EfW]] facility. The hot gases which are released are then directed to a boiler to recover the heat. The combustion gases are then cleaned in several stages to strict standards set by the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]], which are monitored by the [[Environment Agency]] ([[EA]]) in England.		In the most widely used [[EfW]] process, [[waste]] is [[treatment\|treated]] via [[Combustion]] on a moving [[Grate]]. Air is introduced above and beneath the [[Grate]] in carefully controlled amounts to ensure proper [[Combustion]]. Good combustion is needed to manage the emissions from an [[EfW]] facility. The hot gases which are released are then directed to a boiler to recover the heat. The combustion gases are then cleaned in several stages to strict standards set by the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]], which are monitored by the relevant regulatory authorities including the [[Environment Agency]] ([[EA]]) in England.

	[[File:Solid waste energy plant.v3.jpg\|800px\|center\|Adapted from the National Energy Educational Development program by SERC]]		[[File:Solid waste energy plant.v3.jpg\|800px\|center\|Adapted from the National Energy Educational Development program by SERC]]

Northern Chick: /* Overview */

2021-03-09T13:53:23Z

Overview

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:53, 9 March 2021
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	The energy produced by an [[EfW]] facility can either be converted to electricity to boost the National Grid and/or provide heat in the form of hot water or steam for use by nearby developments. A plant facilitating the generation of electrical power and recovery of usable heat from a combustion process is termed a [[Combined Heat and Power]] ([[CHP]]) plant and it is more efficient than [[EfW]] that is focused on power generation alone. [[Energy from Waste]] facilities can be used to generate [[Baseload Technologies \| base load power]] as they produce a steady, reliable amount of energy but generally cannot be adjusted to meet peak demands. The development of an [[EfW]] plant is complex, with many inter-locking requirements for successful delivery<ref> WRAP, 2012. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/O_And_EFW_Guidance_FULL.pdf EfW Development Guidance. Waste and Resources Action Programme.] </ref>.		The energy produced by an [[EfW]] facility can either be converted to electricity to boost the National Grid and/or provide heat in the form of hot water or steam for use by nearby developments. A plant facilitating the generation of electrical power and recovery of usable heat from a combustion process is termed a [[Combined Heat and Power]] ([[CHP]]) plant and it is more efficient than [[EfW]] that is focused on power generation alone. [[Energy from Waste]] facilities can be used to generate [[Baseload Technologies \| base load power]] as they produce a steady, reliable amount of energy but generally cannot be adjusted to meet peak demands. The development of an [[EfW]] plant is complex, with many inter-locking requirements for successful delivery<ref> WRAP, 2012. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/O_And_EFW_Guidance_FULL.pdf EfW Development Guidance. Waste and Resources Action Programme.] </ref>.

	In the most widely used [[EfW]] process, [[waste]] is [[treatment\|treated]] via [[Combustion]] on a moving [[Grate]]. Air is introduced above and beneath the [[Grate]] in carefully controlled amounts to ensure proper [[Combustion]]. Good combustion is needed to manage the emissions from an [[EfW]] facility. The hot gases are ~~then~~ released are directed to a boiler to recover the heat. The combustion gases are then cleaned in several stages to strict standards set by the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]], which are monitored by the [[Environment Agency]] ([[EA]]) in England.		In the most widely used [[EfW]] process, [[waste]] is [[treatment\|treated]] via [[Combustion]] on a moving [[Grate]]. Air is introduced above and beneath the [[Grate]] in carefully controlled amounts to ensure proper [[Combustion]]. Good combustion is needed to manage the emissions from an [[EfW]] facility. The hot gases which are released are then directed to a boiler to recover the heat. The combustion gases are then cleaned in several stages to strict standards set by the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]], which are monitored by the [[Environment Agency]] ([[EA]]) in England.

	[[File:Solid waste energy plant.v3.jpg\|800px\|center\|Adapted from the National Energy Educational Development program by SERC]]		[[File:Solid waste energy plant.v3.jpg\|800px\|center\|Adapted from the National Energy Educational Development program by SERC]]

Northern Chick: /* Context and Definition */

2021-03-09T13:49:59Z

Context and Definition

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	\|}		\|}

	The large majority of incinerators built and operating to date in the UK are based on 'conventional' [[Combustion]] type incineration, with some development of [[Gasification]] and [[Pyrolysis]] types over the last 10 to 15 years in the UK, with varying degrees of success. These [[ATT]]/[[ACT]] types of technology were encouraged by the [[subsidy]] available for power generation under the [[Renewables Obligation]].		The large majority of [[Incineration\|incinerators]] built and operating to date in the UK are based on 'conventional' [[Combustion]] type incineration, with some development of [[Gasification]] and [[Pyrolysis]] types over the last 10 to 15 years in the UK, with varying degrees of success. These [[ATT]]/[[ACT]] types of technology were encouraged by the [[subsidy]] available for power generation under the [[Renewables Obligation]].

	The three types of incineration'[[EfW]] can have a variety of different furnaces (also termed kilns and reactors) and associated systems to ensure the uniform treatment and residence time of the waste in the kiln/reactor. The most common kilns/furnaces are [[Grate]] based (there are at least five different type of [[Grate]]), with [[Fluidised Bed]] kilns/furnaces more commonly used in [[Gasification]].		The three types of [[Incineration\|incineration]]/[[EfW]] can have a variety of different furnaces (also termed kilns and reactors) and associated systems to ensure the uniform treatment and residence time of the waste in the kiln/reactor. The most common kilns/furnaces are [[Grate]] based (there are at least five different type of [[Grate]]), with [[Fluidised Bed]] kilns/furnaces more commonly used in [[Gasification]].

	==Overview==		==Overview==

Northern Chick: /* Context and Definition */

2021-03-09T13:48:39Z

Context and Definition

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:48, 9 March 2021
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	<br clear='left'/>		<br clear='left'/>
	==Context and Definition==		==Context and Definition==
	In legal terms, a '''‘waste [[incineration]] plant’''' means any stationary or mobile technical unit and equipment dedicated to the [[treatment\|thermal treatment]] of waste, with or without [[recovery]] of any energy generated, or whether the gases resulting from the thermal [[treatment]] are subsequently incinerated <ref>As an example, a [[Pyrolysis]] facility that burnt the produced [[Syngas]] to generate electricity would be Incineration, whereas a [[Pyrolysis]] facility that processed [[Syngas]] for vehicle fuel would not be classed as an incinerator</ref><ref name='ref01'>European Commission, 2010 Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Official Journal of the European Union.</ref>. If the Incinerator can be shown to meet the energy efficiency measurement of [[R1]] it can be classified as a [[recovery]] facility, if it cannot it is classified as a [[disposal]] facility<ref>https://data.gov.uk/dataset/8287c81b-2288-4f14-9068-52bfda396402/r1-status-of-incinerators-in-england</ref>. This means that an incinerator that generates power, and is a net exporter of power, can be described as an '''[[Energy from Waste]]''' ([[EfW]]) facility. An incinerator that is an [[EfW]] facility that meets the [[R1]] criteria is the only type of incinerator under the legislation that can legitimately describe itself as an '''[[Energy Recovery Facility]]''' ([[ERF]]).		In legal terms, a '''‘waste [[incineration]] plant’''' means any stationary or mobile technical unit and equipment dedicated to the [[treatment\|thermal treatment]] of waste, with or without [[recovery]] of any energy generated, or whether the gases resulting from the thermal [[treatment]] are subsequently incinerated <ref>As an example, a [[Pyrolysis]] facility that burnt the produced [[Syngas]] to generate electricity would be Incineration, whereas a [[Pyrolysis]] facility that processed [[Syngas]] for vehicle fuel would not be classed as an incinerator</ref><ref name='ref01'>European Commission, 2010 Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Official Journal of the European Union.</ref>. If the Incinerator can be shown to meet the energy efficiency measurement of [[R1]] it can be classified as a [[recovery]] facility, if it cannot it is classified as a [[disposal]] facility<ref>https://data.gov.uk/dataset/8287c81b-2288-4f14-9068-52bfda396402/r1-status-of-incinerators-in-england</ref>. This means that an [[Incineration\|incinerator]] that generates power, and is a net exporter of power, can be described as an '''[[Energy from Waste]]''' ([[EfW]]) facility. An incinerator that is an [[EfW]] facility that meets the [[R1]] criteria is the only type of incinerator under the legislation that can legitimately describe itself as an '''[[Energy Recovery Facility]]''' ([[ERF]]).

	The most recent recent [[BAT\|BREF]] guidance<ref name="Inc">[https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/new-eu-environmental-standards-waste-incineration BAT and BREF for Waste incineration]</ref> also sets out how incinerators can be described by:		The most recent recent [[BAT\|BREF]] guidance<ref name="Inc">[https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/new-eu-environmental-standards-waste-incineration BAT and BREF for Waste incineration]</ref> also sets out how [[Incineration\|incinerators]] can be described by:
	* waste origin (e.g. Municipal Incinerators), '''and in WikiWaste includes [[Residual Waste EFW]] and [[Biomass Waste EFW]]''',		* waste origin (e.g. Municipal Incinerators), '''and in WikiWaste includes [[Residual Waste EFW]] and [[Biomass Waste EFW]]''',
	* the nature of the waste (e.g. Hazardous Waste Incinerators), '''and in WikiWaste includes [[Hazardous Waste Incineration]] and [[Clinical Waste Incineration]]''' (which may or may not be [[EfW]]		* the nature of the waste (e.g. Hazardous Waste Incinerators), '''and in WikiWaste includes [[Hazardous Waste Incineration]] and [[Clinical Waste Incineration]]''' (which may or may not be [[EfW]]
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	The large majority of incinerators built and operating to date in the UK are based on 'conventional' [[Combustion]] type incineration, with some development of [[Gasification]] and [[Pyrolysis]] types over the last 10 to 15 years in the UK, with varying degrees of success. These [[ATT]]/[[ACT]] types of technology were encouraged by the [[subsidy]] available for power generation under the [[Renewables Obligation]].		The large majority of incinerators built and operating to date in the UK are based on 'conventional' [[Combustion]] type incineration, with some development of [[Gasification]] and [[Pyrolysis]] types over the last 10 to 15 years in the UK, with varying degrees of success. These [[ATT]]/[[ACT]] types of technology were encouraged by the [[subsidy]] available for power generation under the [[Renewables Obligation]].

	The three types of incineration'[[EfW]] can have a variety of different furnaces (also termed kilns and reactors) and associated systems to ensure the uniform treatment and residence time of the waste in the kiln/reactor. The most common kilns/furnaces are [[Grate]] based (there are at least five different type of [[Grate]]), with [[Fluidised Bed]] kilns/furnaces more commonly used in [[Gasification]].		The three types of incineration'[[EfW]] can have a variety of different furnaces (also termed kilns and reactors) and associated systems to ensure the uniform treatment and residence time of the waste in the kiln/reactor. The most common kilns/furnaces are [[Grate]] based (there are at least five different type of [[Grate]]), with [[Fluidised Bed]] kilns/furnaces more commonly used in [[Gasification]].

	==Overview==		==Overview==

Bin52: add page specific text

2021-03-08T16:29:04Z

add page specific text

Show changes

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	The energy produced by an [[EfW]] facility can either be converted to electricity to boost the National Grid and/or provide heat in the form of hot water or steam for use by nearby developments. A plant facilitating the generation of electrical power and recovery of usable heat from a combustion process is termed a [[Combined Heat and Power]] ([[CHP]]) plant and it is more efficient than [[EfW]] that is focused on power generation alone. [[Energy from Waste]] facilities can be used to generate [[Baseload Technologies \| base load power]] as they produce a steady, reliable amount of energy but generally cannot be adjusted to meet peak demands. The development of an [[EfW]] plant is complex, with many inter-locking requirements for successful delivery<ref> WRAP, 2012. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/O_And_EFW_Guidance_FULL.pdf EfW Development Guidance. Waste and Resources Action Programme.] </ref>.		The energy produced by an [[EfW]] facility can either be converted to electricity to boost the National Grid and/or provide heat in the form of hot water or steam for use by nearby developments. A plant facilitating the generation of electrical power and recovery of usable heat from a combustion process is termed a [[Combined Heat and Power]] ([[CHP]]) plant and it is more efficient than [[EfW]] that is focused on power generation alone. [[Energy from Waste]] facilities can be used to generate [[Baseload Technologies \| base load power]] as they produce a steady, reliable amount of energy but generally cannot be adjusted to meet peak demands. The development of an [[EfW]] plant is complex, with many inter-locking requirements for successful delivery<ref> WRAP, 2012. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/O_And_EFW_Guidance_FULL.pdf EfW Development Guidance. Waste and Resources Action Programme.] </ref>.

	In the most widely used [[EfW]] process, [[waste]] is [[treatment\|treated]] via [[Combustion]] on a moving [[Grate]]. Air is introduced above and beneath the [[Grate]] in carefully controlled amounts to ensure proper [[Combustion]]. Good combustion is needed to manage the emissions from an [[EfW]] facility. The hot gases which are released are then directed to a boiler to recover the heat. The combustion gases are then cleaned in several stages to strict standards set by the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]], which are monitored by the [[Environment Agency]] ([[EA]]) in England.		In the most widely used [[EfW]] process, [[waste]] is [[treatment\|treated]] via [[Combustion]] on a moving [[Grate]]. Air is introduced above and beneath the [[Grate]] in carefully controlled amounts to ensure proper [[Combustion]]. Good combustion is needed to manage the emissions from an [[EfW]] facility. The hot gases which are released are then directed to a boiler to recover the heat. The combustion gases are then cleaned in several stages to strict standards set by the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]], which are monitored by the relevant regulatory authorities including the [[Environment Agency]] ([[EA]]) in England.

	[[File:Solid waste energy plant.v3.jpg\|800px\|center\|Adapted from the National Energy Educational Development program by SERC]]		[[File:Solid waste energy plant.v3.jpg\|800px\|center\|Adapted from the National Energy Educational Development program by SERC]]

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	The energy produced by an [[EfW]] facility can either be converted to electricity to boost the National Grid and/or provide heat in the form of hot water or steam for use by nearby developments. A plant facilitating the generation of electrical power and recovery of usable heat from a combustion process is termed a [[Combined Heat and Power]] ([[CHP]]) plant and it is more efficient than [[EfW]] that is focused on power generation alone. [[Energy from Waste]] facilities can be used to generate [[Baseload Technologies \| base load power]] as they produce a steady, reliable amount of energy but generally cannot be adjusted to meet peak demands. The development of an [[EfW]] plant is complex, with many inter-locking requirements for successful delivery<ref> WRAP, 2012. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/O_And_EFW_Guidance_FULL.pdf EfW Development Guidance. Waste and Resources Action Programme.] </ref>.		The energy produced by an [[EfW]] facility can either be converted to electricity to boost the National Grid and/or provide heat in the form of hot water or steam for use by nearby developments. A plant facilitating the generation of electrical power and recovery of usable heat from a combustion process is termed a [[Combined Heat and Power]] ([[CHP]]) plant and it is more efficient than [[EfW]] that is focused on power generation alone. [[Energy from Waste]] facilities can be used to generate [[Baseload Technologies \| base load power]] as they produce a steady, reliable amount of energy but generally cannot be adjusted to meet peak demands. The development of an [[EfW]] plant is complex, with many inter-locking requirements for successful delivery<ref> WRAP, 2012. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/O_And_EFW_Guidance_FULL.pdf EfW Development Guidance. Waste and Resources Action Programme.] </ref>.

	In the most widely used [[EfW]] process, [[waste]] is [[treatment\|treated]] via [[Combustion]] on a moving [[Grate]]. Air is introduced above and beneath the [[Grate]] in carefully controlled amounts to ensure proper [[Combustion]]. Good combustion is needed to manage the emissions from an [[EfW]] facility. The hot gases are ~~then~~ released are directed to a boiler to recover the heat. The combustion gases are then cleaned in several stages to strict standards set by the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]], which are monitored by the [[Environment Agency]] ([[EA]]) in England.		In the most widely used [[EfW]] process, [[waste]] is [[treatment\|treated]] via [[Combustion]] on a moving [[Grate]]. Air is introduced above and beneath the [[Grate]] in carefully controlled amounts to ensure proper [[Combustion]]. Good combustion is needed to manage the emissions from an [[EfW]] facility. The hot gases which are released are then directed to a boiler to recover the heat. The combustion gases are then cleaned in several stages to strict standards set by the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]], which are monitored by the [[Environment Agency]] ([[EA]]) in England.

	[[File:Solid waste energy plant.v3.jpg\|800px\|center\|Adapted from the National Energy Educational Development program by SERC]]		[[File:Solid waste energy plant.v3.jpg\|800px\|center\|Adapted from the National Energy Educational Development program by SERC]]