Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Difference between revisions

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===== Dry Feedstock =====

The tangled properties of dry [[biomass]] give it a complex and rigid crystallinity structure which makes it tougher to process. Despite, the intrinsic source of hydrogen and carbon, the processing of the lignocellulose [[biomass]] is limited due to the substantial amount of the oxygen. [[Wood]]/woody [[biomass]]/lignocellulose is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose is a long chain polysaccharide with high molecular weight and high degree of polymerisation due to the monomer glucose molecules being stiffly bonded by strong intra– and inter-molecular interactions. Hemicellulose is a branched structure hetero polymer with amorphous structure consisting of pentose and hexose as a polymer and is weaker in comparison to cellulose. Lignin possess similar morphological characteristic of amorphous form as hemicellulose, less solubility similar to cellulose and behaviour of hydrophobic nature~~<ref name="ref2" />~~.

The tangled properties of dry [[biomass]] give it a complex and rigid crystallinity structure which makes it tougher to process. Despite, the intrinsic source of hydrogen and carbon, the processing of the lignocellulose [[biomass]] is limited due to the substantial amount of the oxygen. [[Wood]]/woody [[biomass]]/lignocellulose is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose is a long chain polysaccharide with high molecular weight and high degree of polymerisation due to the monomer glucose molecules being stiffly bonded by strong intra– and inter-molecular interactions. Hemicellulose is a branched structure hetero polymer with amorphous structure consisting of pentose and hexose as a polymer and is weaker in comparison to cellulose. Lignin possess similar morphological characteristic of amorphous form as hemicellulose, less solubility similar to cellulose and behaviour of hydrophobic nature.

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===== Wet Feedstock =====

Wet [[feedstock]] usually consists of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and algaenanas. Lipids/fats are non-polar compounds which are immiscible/hydrophobic in nature and composed of fatty acids and glycerol. They are generally soluble in solvents and so the dielectric constant of the solvent in particular water at sub-critical conditions allows the greater miscibility. Proteins is one of the main constituents of algal [[biomass]] which consists of several chains of the monomer amino acid units. They are the building blocks of proteins and highly heterogeneous which presents a challenging process to degrading proteins. Carbohydrates are comprised of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms and are an important source of energy. Among several possibilities of wet [[biomass]], microalgae is considered to be an excellent source of biofuel production due to possessing characteristics of: high photosynthetic efficiency, maximum [[biomass]] production, fast growth rate and lack of arable soil requirements<ref name="ref2" />.

Wet [[feedstock]] usually consists of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and algaenanas. Lipids/fats are non-polar compounds which are immiscible/hydrophobic in nature and composed of fatty acids and glycerol. They are generally soluble in solvents and so the dielectric constant of the solvent in particular water at sub-critical conditions allows the greater miscibility. Proteins is one of the main constituents of algal [[biomass]] which consists of several chains of the monomer amino acid units. They are the building blocks of proteins and highly heterogeneous which presents a challenging process to degrading proteins. Carbohydrates are comprised of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms and are an important source of energy. Among several possibilities of wet [[biomass]], microalgae is considered to be an excellent source of biofuel production due to possessing characteristics of: high photosynthetic efficiency, maximum [[biomass]] production, fast growth rate and lack of arable soil requirements.

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=== HTL Process Mechanism ===

Hydrothermal liquefaction is a [[biomass]] to bio-liquid conversion route carried out in water at moderate temperature and high pressures that has a liquid bio crude as main product along with the gaseous, aqueous and solid phase by-products. Many complex reactions take place during the transformation of [[biomass]] into crude oil like products due to the complex structures of the [[feedstocks]] which are to be broken down. The pathway of HTL comprises three major steps: depolymerisation, decomposition and recombination. Overall, [[biomass]] is decomposed and depolymerized into small compounds which may be highly reactive, thus polymerizing and forming bio crude, gas and solid compounds is essential. Also, critical process parameters such as temperature, residence time, the process of repolymerization, condensation and decomposition of the components from the different phases may vary.

Hydrothermal liquefaction is a [[biomass]] to bio-liquid conversion route carried out in water at moderate temperature and high pressures that has a liquid bio crude as main product along with the gaseous, aqueous and solid phase by-products. Many complex reactions take place during the transformation of [[biomass]] into crude oil like products due to the complex structures of the [[Feedstock|feedstocks]] which are to be broken down. The pathway of HTL comprises three major steps: depolymerisation, decomposition and recombination. Overall, [[biomass]] is decomposed and depolymerized into small compounds which may be highly reactive, thus polymerizing and forming bio crude, gas and solid compounds is essential. Also, critical process parameters such as temperature, residence time, the process of repolymerization, condensation and decomposition of the components from the different phases may vary.

# Depolymerisation of biomass is a sequential dissolving of macromolecules through utilization of their physical and chemical properties. The intrinsic hemicellulose and cellulose biopolymers contributes positively towards the thermal stability of the biofuel. Temperature and pressure change the structure of the long chain polymers consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon to shorter chain hydrocarbons. The energy contents of the organic materials are also recycled in the presence of water.

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 ===== Dry Feedstock =====
 [[File:Dry Feedstock.png|500px|right|Process flow diagram of HTL process of lignocellulose biomass. All rights reserved.]]
-The tangled properties of dry [[biomass]] give it a complex and rigid crystallinity structure which makes it tougher to process. Despite, the intrinsic source of hydrogen and carbon, the processing of the lignocellulose [[biomass]] is limited due to the substantial amount of the oxygen. [[Wood]]/woody [[biomass]]/lignocellulose is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose is a long chain polysaccharide with high molecular weight and high degree of polymerisation due to the monomer glucose molecules being stiffly bonded by strong intra– and inter-molecular interactions. Hemicellulose is a branched structure hetero polymer with amorphous structure consisting of pentose and hexose as a polymer and is weaker in comparison to cellulose. Lignin possess similar morphological characteristic of amorphous form as hemicellulose, less solubility similar to cellulose and behaviour of hydrophobic nature<ref name="ref2" />.
+The tangled properties of dry [[biomass]] give it a complex and rigid crystallinity structure which makes it tougher to process. Despite, the intrinsic source of hydrogen and carbon, the processing of the lignocellulose [[biomass]] is limited due to the substantial amount of the oxygen. [[Wood]]/woody [[biomass]]/lignocellulose is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose is a long chain polysaccharide with high molecular weight and high degree of polymerisation due to the monomer glucose molecules being stiffly bonded by strong intra– and inter-molecular interactions. Hemicellulose is a branched structure hetero polymer with amorphous structure consisting of pentose and hexose as a polymer and is weaker in comparison to cellulose. Lignin possess similar morphological characteristic of amorphous form as hemicellulose, less solubility similar to cellulose and behaviour of hydrophobic nature.
+<ref name="ref2" />
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 ===== Wet Feedstock =====
 [[File:Wet Feedstock.png|500px|right|Process flow diagram of HTL process of algal/wet biomass. All rights reserved.]]
-Wet [[feedstock]] usually consists of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and algaenanas. Lipids/fats are non-polar compounds which are immiscible/hydrophobic in nature and composed of fatty acids and glycerol. They are generally soluble in solvents and so the dielectric constant of the solvent in particular water at sub-critical conditions allows the greater miscibility. Proteins is one of the main constituents of algal [[biomass]] which consists of several chains of the monomer amino acid units. They are the building blocks of proteins and highly heterogeneous which presents a challenging process to degrading proteins. Carbohydrates are comprised of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms and are an important source of energy. Among several possibilities of wet [[biomass]], microalgae is considered to be an excellent source of biofuel production due to possessing characteristics of: high photosynthetic efficiency, maximum [[biomass]] production, fast growth rate and lack of arable soil requirements<ref name="ref2" />.
+Wet [[feedstock]] usually consists of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and algaenanas. Lipids/fats are non-polar compounds which are immiscible/hydrophobic in nature and composed of fatty acids and glycerol. They are generally soluble in solvents and so the dielectric constant of the solvent in particular water at sub-critical conditions allows the greater miscibility. Proteins is one of the main constituents of algal [[biomass]] which consists of several chains of the monomer amino acid units. They are the building blocks of proteins and highly heterogeneous which presents a challenging process to degrading proteins. Carbohydrates are comprised of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms and are an important source of energy. Among several possibilities of wet [[biomass]], microalgae is considered to be an excellent source of biofuel production due to possessing characteristics of: high photosynthetic efficiency, maximum [[biomass]] production, fast growth rate and lack of arable soil requirements.
+<ref name="ref2" />
@@ Line 19: / Line 22: @@
 === HTL Process Mechanism ===
 [[File:HTL Reaction Pathway.png|500px|right|Reaction pathway of HTL. All rights reserved.]]
-Hydrothermal liquefaction is a [[biomass]] to bio-liquid conversion route carried out in water at moderate temperature and high pressures that has a liquid bio crude as main product along with the gaseous, aqueous and solid phase by-products. Many complex reactions take place during the transformation of [[biomass]] into crude oil like products due to the complex structures of the [[feedstocks]] which are to be broken down. The pathway of HTL comprises three major steps: depolymerisation, decomposition and recombination. Overall, [[biomass]] is decomposed and depolymerized into small compounds which may be highly reactive, thus polymerizing and forming bio crude, gas and solid compounds is essential. Also, critical process parameters such as temperature, residence time, the process of repolymerization, condensation and decomposition of the components from the different phases may vary.
+Hydrothermal liquefaction is a [[biomass]] to bio-liquid conversion route carried out in water at moderate temperature and high pressures that has a liquid bio crude as main product along with the gaseous, aqueous and solid phase by-products. Many complex reactions take place during the transformation of [[biomass]] into crude oil like products due to the complex structures of the [[Feedstock|feedstocks]] which are to be broken down. The pathway of HTL comprises three major steps: depolymerisation, decomposition and recombination. Overall, [[biomass]] is decomposed and depolymerized into small compounds which may be highly reactive, thus polymerizing and forming bio crude, gas and solid compounds is essential. Also, critical process parameters such as temperature, residence time, the process of repolymerization, condensation and decomposition of the components from the different phases may vary.
 # Depolymerisation of biomass is a sequential dissolving of macromolecules through utilization of their physical and chemical properties. The intrinsic hemicellulose and cellulose biopolymers contributes positively towards the thermal stability of the biofuel. Temperature and pressure change the structure of the long chain polymers consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon to shorter chain hydrocarbons. The energy contents of the organic materials are also recycled in the presence of water.