Solid Recovered Fuel: Difference between revisions

From Wikiwaste
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Bin52 (talk | contribs)
authour, banneredit
3,667 edits
mNo edit summary
 
(10 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
[[Category:Tonnage & Waste Types]]
[[Category:Tonnage & Waste Types]]
[[Solid Recovered Fuel]] ([[SRF]]) is distinct from [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] ([[RDF]]) in that its quality as a fuel is far superior. It is typically used in processes that require a high quality, small particle size, high [[Calorific Value]], low [[Moisture Content]] material – such as [[Cement Kilns]] and new-generation [[ATT]] plants. There is a move in the UK towards the production of pellets from [[SRF]] for subsequent use in industrial processes.
[[Solid Recovered Fuel]] ([[SRF]]) is a type of [[Waste Derived Fuel]] but is distinct from [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] ([[RDF]]) in that its quality as a fuel is far superior. It is typically used in processes that require a high quality, small particle size, high [[Calorific Value]], low [[Moisture Content]] material – such as [[Cement Kilns]] and new-generation [[ATT]] plants. There is a move in the UK towards the production of pellets from [[SRF]] for subsequent use in industrial processes.
[[File:Picture of SRF.png|200px|left|Picture of loose SRF, source Geminor all rights reserved]]__TOC__
[[File:Picture of SRF.png|200px|left|Picture of loose SRF, source Geminor all rights reserved]]__TOC__
<br clear='left/>
<br clear='left/>


==Context==
==Context==
[[Solid Recovered Fuel]] ([[SRF]]) is distinct from [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] ([[RDF]]) in that its quality as a fuel is far superior. It is typically used in processes that require a high quality, small particle size, high [[Calorific Value]], low [[Moisture Content]] material – such as [[Cement Kilns]] and new-generation [[ATT]] plants. There is a move in the UK towards the production of pellets from [[SRF]] for subsequent use in industrial processes.
[[Solid Recovered Fuel]] ([[SRF]]) is a type of [[Waste Derived Fuel]] but is distinct from [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] ([[RDF]]) in that its quality as a fuel is far superior. It is typically used in processes that require a high quality, small particle size, high [[Calorific Value]], low [[Moisture Content]] material – such as [[Cement Kilns]] and new-generation [[ATT]] plants. There is a move in the UK towards the production of pellets from [[SRF]] for subsequent use in industrial processes.


Solid Recovered Fuels are covered by international technical specifications which set, amongst other parameters, the chemical and physical parameters of an [[SRF]] <ref>[https://www.iso.org/committee/5960430.html] ISO/TC 300 Solid Recovered Fuels </ref>
Data for [[Cement Kilns]] in UK suggests that around 400,000 tonnes of [[SRF]] was used as a [[WDF]] in 2019 and 2020.
 
Solid Recovered Fuels are covered by international technical specifications which set, amongst other parameters, the chemical and physical parameters of an [[SRF]] <ref>[https://www.iso.org/committee/5960430.html] ISO/TC 300 Solid Recovered Fuels </ref>. For the purposes of legislation, though, [[SRF]] remains a waste (unless stringent End of Waste Criteria can be met) and so users of the fuel have to comply with the [[IED]] which has superseded [[WID]].


==Composition of Solid Recovered Fuel==
==Composition of Solid Recovered Fuel==
The composition of [[SRF]] is defined in the international specification set out above, but often an [[SRF]] in the UK can be a more refined [[RDF]] rather than something that complies entirely with the specification standard. The main chemical parameters that vary between an [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] mentioned above are broadly as follows (for more detail see page on [[Refuse Derived Fuel]]:
The composition of [[SRF]] is defined in the international specification set out above, but often an [[SRF]] in the UK can be a more refined [[RDF]] rather than something that complies entirely with the specification standard. The main chemical parameters that vary between an [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] are [[Calorific Value]] and [[Moisture Content]], and the table below shows a comparison between [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] based upon a range of specification sheets for illustration.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Parameter !! [[RDF]] Example !! [[SRF]] Example
!Measure!!Units!!RDF!!SRF</th></tr>
|-
|Net Calorific Value||MJ/kg (as received)||10 - 15||>18.5
|-
|Moisture||wt% (dry basis)||<25||<15
|-
|Biomass Content<ref>Not generally defined for exports to EU (no biomass requirements.)</ref>||wt% (dry basis)||>65||>65
|-
|Ash Content||wt% (dry basis)||<20||<15
|-
|Sulphur||wt% (dry basis)||<0.5||<0.5
|-
|Nitrogen||wt% (dry basis)||<0.8||<0.8
|-
|Lead||mg/kg||<100||<80
|-
|Chlorine CI||wt% (dry basis)||<0.1||<0.6
|-
|Zinc<ref name="rdf1">Not generally defined in a fuel spec</ref>||wt% (dry basis)||&nbsp;||&nbsp;
|-
|-
| Net [[CV]] || 11 MJ/kg || 18 MJ/kg
|Sodium and Potassium<ref name="rdf1"/>||wt% (dry basis)||&nbsp;||&nbsp;
|-
|-
| [[Moisture Content]] || 25% || 15%
|Mercury||mg/kg||<1||<0.6
|-
|-
| Chlorine || <1% || <0.6%
|Nickel||mg/kg||<100||<100
|-
|-
| Particle Size || 300mm || 40mm
|Thallium||mg/kg||<10||<10
|-
|Ferrous and non-ferrous metals||wt% (dry basis)||<3||<1
|-
|Non combustible material||wt% (dry basis)||<10||<5
|-
|Glass||wt% (dry basis)||<2||<1
|-
|Dust <1mm||wt% (dry basis)||<5||<5
|-
|Bulk Density (loose)||kg/m3||100 - 175||185
|-
|Particle Size (max dimension)||mm||300||<40
|}
|}
Chlorine is a particular issue due to its tendency to form [[wikipedia:Hydrochloric acid | Hydrochloric Acid]] in an energy recovery process, which then requires specific abatement/clean-up technologies. With limited such arrangements in [[Cement Kilns]] this means that they generally have a lower tolerance for Chlorine closer in a final specification [[RDF]] or [[SRF]]. In addition, the use of any [[Waste Derived Fuel]] in [[Cement Kilns]] has the potential to impact the final quality of the cement produced, and so the composition of an [[RDF]] or [[SRF]] is critical in the decision to use it in such an application in terms of the ash content of the [[RDF]]/[[SRF]].


==Export of Solid Recovered Fuel==
Chlorine is a particular issue due to its tendency to form [[wikipedia:Hydrochloric acid | Hydrochloric Acid]] in an energy recovery process, which then requires specific abatement/clean-up technologies. With limited such arrangements in [[Cement Kilns]] this means that they generally have a lower tolerance for Chlorine closer in spec to an [[SRF]]. In addition, the use of any [[Waste Derived Fuel]] in [[Cement Kilns]] has the potential to impact the final quality of the cement produced, and so the composition is critical in the decision to use it in such an application in terms of the ash content of the [[SRF]] fuel.
Whilst the data reported for 2019 suggests in excess of 400,000 tonnes of [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] were used in [[Cement Kilns]] in the UK, there has been a growing and steady export market since 2014 for [[SRF]] into cement kilns. Whilst the export of [[SRF]] from the UK is often reported within the overall [[Waste Derived Fuel]]/[[RDF]] statistics, data for England alone from the [[EA]] shows a proportional growth in [[SRF]] export in the context of a reduction in [[RDF]], as shown in the graph below.
 
[[File:RDF and SRF Export.png|450px|center|RDF and SRF Export - analysis of EA data by Monksleigh]]
==Background to Export of Refuse Derived Fuel and Solid Recovered Fuel ==
The movement of [[WDF]] from the UK, primarily in the EU, commenced in c.2010 and progressively grew up until around 2016 driven by supply-demand and [[Landfill Tax|landfill tax]] in the UK and the economics and spare capacity of [[EfW]] plants in the EU. From around 2017 tonnages for export started to drop, with more pronounced drops from 2018 as the supply-demand patterns changed in the UK, some EU countries started to implement taxation on [[EfW]] and the cost and complexities of transportation following [[wikipedia :brexit|Brexit]] increased. The two charts below show the overall patterns of export and whilst the data clearly shows the drop in [[RDF]] tonnage, the tonnage of [[SRF]] shows a more stable export position from 2018 of around 400,000 tonnes a year.
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:CIWM Curve.png|500px|center|CIWM Presidential Report 2018 – RDF Trading in a Modern World]]|| [[File:RDF and SRF Export.png|450px|center|RDF and SRF Export - analysis of EA data by Monksleigh]]
|-
| '''[[CIWM]] Presidential Report (2018) Showing Grow in [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] Export'''<ref>[https://www.circularonline.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/RDF-Trading-in-a-Modern-World-Summary-Findings.pdf CIWM Presidential Report 2018 Summary of Findings pdf]</ref>|| '''Analysis by Monksleigh of [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] Exports from England from [[EA]] Data'''
|}
 
Moving [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] and [[Solid Recovered Fuel]] from the UK abroad requires compliance with the [[Transfrontier Shipment Regulations]] ([[TFS]]) and in simple terms requires an application for movement to be made to the relevant authorities that requires a number of key measures to be satisfied before this can occur. It also requires the user of the fuel to be classified as an [[R1]] facility.
 
==Annual SRF Export from England==
The data shown is for export from England and for [[EWC | Waste Code]] '''''19 12 10 - combustible waste (refuse derived fuel)''''' as this is the primary code that covers both [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] tonnage.
 
It is important to note that some [[RDF]] / [[SRF]] is exported under the [[EWC | Waste Code]] '''''19 12 12 - other wastes (including mixtures of materials) from mechanical treatment of wastes other than those mentioned in 19 12 11''''', this code is a catch all, and covers any waste from Mechanical treatment not covered by it's own 19 12 waste code and as such has not been included in the numbers below.
 
The data included here is taken from the Waste Description as shown on the Transfrontier Shipment notice, which describes the waste as [[RDF]] or [[SRF]].
 
===Month on Month Export===
The graph shows the monthly shipments of [[SRF]] along with a trend line showing the trajectory of export for 2015 onwards.
 
[[File:Shipped mnthly srf.png|701px|none]]
 
===Year on Year Differences===
The year on year export of [[SRF]] from England 2015 onwards.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| colspan="4" | <graph>{
  "width": 500,
  "height": 500,
  "data": [
    {
      "name": "table",
      "values": [
        {"x": 2016,  "y":  35112}, {"x": 2017,  "y":  139306},
        {"x": 2018,  "y": 140039}, {"x": 2019,  "y": -2310},
        {"x": 2020,  "y": -6493}, {"x": 2021,  "y": 99669},
        {"x": 2022,  "y": -168745}
      ]
    }
  ],
  "scales": [
    {
      "name": "x",
      "type": "ordinal",
      "range": "width",
      "domain": {"data": "table", "field": "x"}
    },
    {
      "name": "y",
      "type": "linear",
      "range": "height",
      "domain": {"data": "table", "field": "y"},
      "nice": true
    }
  ],
  "axes": [
    {"type": "x", "scale": "x"},
    {"type": "y", "scale": "y"}
  ],
  "marks": [
    {
      "type": "rect",
      "from": {"data": "table"},
      "properties": {
        "enter": {
          "x": {"scale": "x", "field": "x"},
          "width": {"scale": "x", "band": true, "offset": -1},
          "y": {"scale": "y", "field": "y"},
          "y2": {"scale": "y", "value": 0}
        },
        "update": {
          "fill": {"value": "steelblue"}
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}</graph>
|-
! colspan="4" | Data Table
|-
!Year!!Tonnage Shipped!!Increase on Previous!!Percentage Change
|-
|-
|2015||65,408||-||-
|-
|2016||100,521||35,112||53.7%
|-
|2017||239,827||139,306||138.6%
|-
|2018||379,866||140,039||58.4%
|-
|2019||377,556||-2,310||-0.6%
|-
|2020||371,063||-6,493||-1.7%
|-
|2021||470,732||99,669||26.9%
|-
|2022||301,987||-168,745||-35.8%
|}
 
===Exporters===
The notifiers of Export of SRF from 2015 onwards.
 
{{#clear_external_data:}}{{#get_db_data: db=engy|from=notifsrf|data=notif=notif,yr2015=yr2015,yr2016=yr2016,yr2017=yr2017,yr2018=yr2018,yr2019=yr2019,yr2020=yr2020,yr2021=yr2021,yr2022=yr2022}}
{|class = "wikitable sortable"
!Company!!2015!!2016!!2017!!2018!!2019!!2020!!2021!!2022
{{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>
{{!}}-
{{!}} [[{{{notif}}}]]
{{!}} {{{yr2015}}}
{{!}} {{{yr2016}}}
{{!}} {{{yr2017}}}
{{!}} {{{yr2018}}}
{{!}} {{{yr2019}}}
{{!}} {{{yr2020}}}
{{!}} {{{yr2021}}}
{{!}} {{{yr2022}}}
}}
|}


==Nascent [[SRF]] Pellet Market==
==Nascent [[SRF]] Pellet Market==

Latest revision as of 06:08, 13 July 2023

Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) is a type of Waste Derived Fuel but is distinct from Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) in that its quality as a fuel is far superior. It is typically used in processes that require a high quality, small particle size, high Calorific Value, low Moisture Content material – such as Cement Kilns and new-generation ATT plants. There is a move in the UK towards the production of pellets from SRF for subsequent use in industrial processes.

Picture of loose SRF, source Geminor all rights reserved
Picture of loose SRF, source Geminor all rights reserved


Context

Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) is a type of Waste Derived Fuel but is distinct from Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) in that its quality as a fuel is far superior. It is typically used in processes that require a high quality, small particle size, high Calorific Value, low Moisture Content material – such as Cement Kilns and new-generation ATT plants. There is a move in the UK towards the production of pellets from SRF for subsequent use in industrial processes.

Data for Cement Kilns in UK suggests that around 400,000 tonnes of SRF was used as a WDF in 2019 and 2020.

Solid Recovered Fuels are covered by international technical specifications which set, amongst other parameters, the chemical and physical parameters of an SRF [1]. For the purposes of legislation, though, SRF remains a waste (unless stringent End of Waste Criteria can be met) and so users of the fuel have to comply with the IED which has superseded WID.

Composition of Solid Recovered Fuel

The composition of SRF is defined in the international specification set out above, but often an SRF in the UK can be a more refined RDF rather than something that complies entirely with the specification standard. The main chemical parameters that vary between an RDF and SRF are Calorific Value and Moisture Content, and the table below shows a comparison between RDF and SRF based upon a range of specification sheets for illustration.

Measure Units RDF SRF
Net Calorific Value MJ/kg (as received) 10 - 15 >18.5
Moisture wt% (dry basis) <25 <15
Biomass Content[2] wt% (dry basis) >65 >65
Ash Content wt% (dry basis) <20 <15
Sulphur wt% (dry basis) <0.5 <0.5
Nitrogen wt% (dry basis) <0.8 <0.8
Lead mg/kg <100 <80
Chlorine CI wt% (dry basis) <0.1 <0.6
Zinc[3] wt% (dry basis)    
Sodium and Potassium[3] wt% (dry basis)    
Mercury mg/kg <1 <0.6
Nickel mg/kg <100 <100
Thallium mg/kg <10 <10
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals wt% (dry basis) <3 <1
Non combustible material wt% (dry basis) <10 <5
Glass wt% (dry basis) <2 <1
Dust <1mm wt% (dry basis) <5 <5
Bulk Density (loose) kg/m3 100 - 175 185
Particle Size (max dimension) mm 300 <40

Chlorine is a particular issue due to its tendency to form Hydrochloric Acid in an energy recovery process, which then requires specific abatement/clean-up technologies. With limited such arrangements in Cement Kilns this means that they generally have a lower tolerance for Chlorine closer in spec to an SRF. In addition, the use of any Waste Derived Fuel in Cement Kilns has the potential to impact the final quality of the cement produced, and so the composition is critical in the decision to use it in such an application in terms of the ash content of the SRF fuel.

Background to Export of Refuse Derived Fuel and Solid Recovered Fuel

The movement of WDF from the UK, primarily in the EU, commenced in c.2010 and progressively grew up until around 2016 driven by supply-demand and landfill tax in the UK and the economics and spare capacity of EfW plants in the EU. From around 2017 tonnages for export started to drop, with more pronounced drops from 2018 as the supply-demand patterns changed in the UK, some EU countries started to implement taxation on EfW and the cost and complexities of transportation following Brexit increased. The two charts below show the overall patterns of export and whilst the data clearly shows the drop in RDF tonnage, the tonnage of SRF shows a more stable export position from 2018 of around 400,000 tonnes a year.

CIWM Presidential Report 2018 – RDF Trading in a Modern World
CIWM Presidential Report 2018 – RDF Trading in a Modern World
RDF and SRF Export - analysis of EA data by Monksleigh
RDF and SRF Export - analysis of EA data by Monksleigh
CIWM Presidential Report (2018) Showing Grow in RDF and SRF Export[4] Analysis by Monksleigh of RDF and SRF Exports from England from EA Data

Moving Refuse Derived Fuel and Solid Recovered Fuel from the UK abroad requires compliance with the Transfrontier Shipment Regulations (TFS) and in simple terms requires an application for movement to be made to the relevant authorities that requires a number of key measures to be satisfied before this can occur. It also requires the user of the fuel to be classified as an R1 facility.

Annual SRF Export from England

The data shown is for export from England and for Waste Code 19 12 10 - combustible waste (refuse derived fuel) as this is the primary code that covers both RDF and SRF tonnage.

It is important to note that some RDF / SRF is exported under the Waste Code 19 12 12 - other wastes (including mixtures of materials) from mechanical treatment of wastes other than those mentioned in 19 12 11, this code is a catch all, and covers any waste from Mechanical treatment not covered by it's own 19 12 waste code and as such has not been included in the numbers below.

The data included here is taken from the Waste Description as shown on the Transfrontier Shipment notice, which describes the waste as RDF or SRF.

Month on Month Export

The graph shows the monthly shipments of SRF along with a trend line showing the trajectory of export for 2015 onwards.

Year on Year Differences

The year on year export of SRF from England 2015 onwards.

<graph>{ 
 "width": 500,
 "height": 500,
 "data": [
   {
     "name": "table",
     "values": [
       {"x": 2016,  "y":  35112}, {"x": 2017,  "y":  139306},
       {"x": 2018,  "y": 140039}, {"x": 2019,  "y": -2310},
       {"x": 2020,  "y": -6493}, {"x": 2021,  "y": 99669},
       {"x": 2022,  "y": -168745}
     ]
   }
 ],
 "scales": [
   {
     "name": "x",
     "type": "ordinal",
     "range": "width",
     "domain": {"data": "table", "field": "x"}
   },
   {
     "name": "y",
     "type": "linear",
     "range": "height",
     "domain": {"data": "table", "field": "y"},
     "nice": true
   }
 ],
 "axes": [
   {"type": "x", "scale": "x"},
   {"type": "y", "scale": "y"}
 ],
 "marks": [
   {
     "type": "rect",
     "from": {"data": "table"},
     "properties": {
       "enter": {
         "x": {"scale": "x", "field": "x"},
         "width": {"scale": "x", "band": true, "offset": -1},
         "y": {"scale": "y", "field": "y"},
         "y2": {"scale": "y", "value": 0}
       },
       "update": {
         "fill": {"value": "steelblue"}
       }
     }
   }
 ]

}</graph>

Data Table
Year Tonnage Shipped Increase on Previous Percentage Change
2015 65,408 - -
2016 100,521 35,112 53.7%
2017 239,827 139,306 138.6%
2018 379,866 140,039 58.4%
2019 377,556 -2,310 -0.6%
2020 371,063 -6,493 -1.7%
2021 470,732 99,669 26.9%
2022 301,987 -168,745 -35.8%

Exporters

The notifiers of Export of SRF from 2015 onwards.


Company 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

ABN Paris SAS 0.00 0.00 0.00 2,243.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Andusia Recovered Fuels Ltd 0.00 0.00 0.00 2,282.30 7,700.90 5,507.17 3,374.70 7,397.89
Bertling Enviro AB 0.00 0.00 0.00 2,660.62 12,617.16 9,763.73 21,316.80 12,837.15
Camreg Ltd 0.00 18,615.41 26,170.11 21,182.62 0.00 11,978.86 0.00 5,542.46
Eco-Power Environmental (Hull) Ltd 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3,658.50 39,618.29 52,642.37 14,443.64
Enva England Ltd 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.02 3,600.56 1,220.15
Geminor UK Ltd 0.00 0.00 0.00 19,097.16 16,281.96 6,213.17 4,411.87 2,422.17
Mid UK Recycling Ltd 0.00 0.00 14,932.59 52,481.18 21,887.32 0.00 0.00 0.00
N & P Alternative Fuels Ltd 1,599.04 20,085.86 47,574.67 195,381.42 182,327.92 138,389.92 123,036.19 128,466.25
New Earth Solutions (West) Ltd T/A Mid UK Recycling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18,345.31 77,417.63 63,541.92 44,964.17
Pericula Ltd 0.00 0.00 288.59 1,199.70 3,793.76 0.00 0.00 0.00
PM Recycling Ltd 0.00 0.00 7,554.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Probio Energy Ltd 0.00 3,009.58 12,931.00 45,134.08 91,809.27 93,617.45 82,937.86 64,813.10
Quercia Ltd 0.00 21,373.09 54,156.17 32,629.36 26,004.50 58,498.90 54,419.39 0.00
Seneca Environmental Solutions Ltd 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2,506.14 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shanks Waste Management Ltd 16,961.94 2,774.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Specialised Waste Solutions Ltd 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.54 169.88 0.00 0.00 0.00
Street Fuel Ltd 0.00 0.00 2,884.98 2,046.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SUEZ Recycling and Recovery UK Ltd 34,204.07 31,629.53 90,294.92 231.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Totus Environmental Ltd 0.00 3,033.00 2,854.83 9,471.75 302.60 118.56 2,656.44 2,524.51
Transwaste Recycling & Aggregates Ltd 12,643.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Nascent SRF Pellet Market

Increasingly the market is considering further refinement (including reducing moisture and increasing NCV) of SRF to produce a high quality fuel pellet for ease of storage, haulage, and introduction into a Cement Kiln, with some companies seeking to achieve End of Waste Criteria classification that would then enable the material to be used in other applications as a blended substitute for coal. There are three main organisations pursuing this approach in the UK market at the present time, each with a different 'brand name' for their pellet:

N+P (Subcoal®)

N+P have been producing a pellet in their operation in the Netherlands and are in the process of producing their Subcoal®[5] pellets in their first plant in the UK in Teeside, with plans to expand to this at their recently acquired facility at Crayford[6]

Waste Knot (SIRF Pellets)

Waste Knot's SIRF pellet[7] is to be produced in their first plant, which is under construction in Middlesborough[8]

Eco-PowerFuels (Eco Power Pellets)

Eco-PowerFuels have been producing their Eco-Power Pellets in their facility in Humberside[9] and in January 2021 was reported to have signed a contract to supply Tarmac's Tunstead Cement Kiln[10]

References

  1. ↑ [1] ISO/TC 300 Solid Recovered Fuels
  2. ↑ Not generally defined for exports to EU (no biomass requirements.)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Not generally defined in a fuel spec
  4. ↑ CIWM Presidential Report 2018 Summary of Findings pdf
  5. ↑ N+P website
  6. ↑ N+P Press Release January 2022
  7. ↑ Waste Knot SIRF Web page
  8. ↑ Waste Knot Website News Page
  9. ↑ Eco-PowerFuels Website
  10. ↑ News Article from World Cement
Retrieved from ‘https://wikiwaste.org.uk/index.php?title=Solid_Recovered_Fuel&oldid=22724’