Waste Derived Fuel: Difference between revisions

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[[Category:Tonnage & Waste Types]]

Waste Derived Fuel has been ~~produced from the processing of waste into~~ a specification for an end user. The ~~export of WDF from~~ the ~~UK (primarily to~~ the ~~EU) requires~~ the ~~fuel to be sufficiently treated~~ and ~~processed~~ to ~~meet~~ a ~~specification~~ of the ~~user~~, ~~which must be classified~~ as an [[R1]] ~~facility~~. ~~WDF is generally characterised into~~ [[RDF]] ~~and~~ [[SRF]] ~~but for~~ the purposes of legislation remains a waste (unless stringent [[End of Waste Criteria]] can be met) and so users of the fuel ~~have to~~ have to comply with the [[IED]] which has superseded [[WID]].

[[Waste Derived Fuel]] is generally categorised as [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] ([[RDF]]) or [[Solid Recovered Fuel]] (SRF) and has been prepared by a treatment process to produce a specification for an end user. The specification will depend upon the plant using the fuel, but typically at the most basic level will have had metals and inert materials removed, removal of some recyclables and limited shredding/bag splitting. More refined [[RDF]] will have had drying, shredding to a uniform size and [[Moisture Content]] reduction. At the very high end of production the [[RDF]] will move towards being a [[Solid Recovered Fuel]] ([[SRF]]).

==Context==

[[Waste Derived Fuel]] is generally categorised as [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] ([[RDF]]) or [[Solid Recovered Fuel]] (SRF) and has been prepared by a treatment process to produce a specification for an end user. The specification will depend upon the plant to be used, but typically at the most basic level will have had metals and inert materials removed, removal of some recyclables and limited shredding/bag splitting. More refined [[RDF]] will have had drying, shredding to a uniform size and [[Moisture Content]] reduction. At the very high end of production the [[RDF]] will move towards being a [[Solid Recovered Fuel]] ([[SRF]]).

For the purposes of legislation [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] remains a waste (unless stringent [[End of Waste Criteria]] can be met) and so users of the fuel have to comply with the [[IED]] which has superseded [[WID]].

==Composition of Waste Derived Fuel==

We have pulled together a number of specification (spec) sheets to produce give an overall feel for the spec of [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] and [[Solid Recovered Fuel]], as shown in the table below. In reality the spec is usually very tightly controlled by the receiving plant.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

!Measure!!Units!!Residual Waste<ref>Typical ranges for Residual Waste as a Comparison</ref>!!RDF!!SRF</th></tr>

|-

|Net Calorific Value||MJ/kg (as received)||9 - 15||10 - 15||>18.5

|-

|Moisture||wt% (dry basis)||10 - 40||<25||<15

|-

|Biomass Content<ref>Not generally defined for exports to EU (no biomass requirements.)</ref>||wt% (dry basis)||>45||>65||>65

|-

|Ash Content||wt% (dry basis)||10 - 30||<20||<15

|-

|Sulphur||wt% (dry basis)||< 0.85||<0.5||<0.5

|-

|Nitrogen||wt% (dry basis)||<1.5||<0.8||<0.8

|-

|Lead||mg/kg||<200||<100||<80

|-

|Chlorine CI||wt% (dry basis)||<1.2||<0.1||<0.6

|-

|Zinc<ref name="rdf1">Not generally defined in a fuel spec</ref>||wt% (dry basis)||<0.1|| || 

|-

|Sodium and Potassium<ref name="rdf1"/>||wt% (dry basis)||<0.8|| || 

|-

|Mercury||mg/kg||<2||<1||<0.6

|-

|Nickel||mg/kg||<200||<100||<100

|-

|Thallium||mg/kg||<20||<10||<10

|-

|Ferrous and non-ferrous metals||wt% (dry basis)||<7||<3||<1

|-

|Non combustible material||wt% (dry basis)||<15||<10||<5

|-

|Glass||wt% (dry basis)||<5||<2||<1

|-

|Dust <1mm||wt% (dry basis)||<5||<5||<5

|-

|Bulk Density (loose)||kg/m3||100 - 275||100 - 175||185

|-

|Particle Size (max dimension)||mm||500||300||<40

|}

Chlorine is a particular issue due to its tendency to form [[wikipedia:Hydrochloric acid | Hydrochloric Acid]] in an energy recovery process, which then requires specific abatement/clean-up technologies. With limited such arrangements in [[Cement Kilns]] this means that they generally have a lower tolerance for Chlorine closer in a final specification to [[SRF]]. In addition, the use of any [[Waste Derived Fuel]] in [[Cement Kilns]] has the potential to impact the final quality of the cement produced, and so the composition of an [[RDF]] or [[SRF]] is critical in the decision to use it in such an application in terms of the ash content of the [[RDF]]/[[SRF]].

==Background to Export of [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] and [[Solid Recovered Fuel]] ==

The movement of [[WDF]] from the UK, primarily in the EU, commenced in c.2010 and progressively grew up until around 2016 driven by supply-demand and [[Landfill Tax|landfill tax]] in the UK and the economics and spare capacity of [[EfW]] plants in the EU. From around 2017 tonnages for export started to drop, with more pronounced drops from 2018 as the supply-demand patterns changed in the UK, some EU countries started to implement taxation on [[EfW]] and the cost and complexities of transportation following [[wikipedia :brexit|Brexit]] increased. The two charts below show the overall patterns of export:

{|class="wikitable"

|-

|[[File:CIWM Curve.png|500px|center|CIWM Presidential Report 2018 – RDF Trading in a Modern World]]|| [[File:RDF and SRF Export.png|450px|center|RDF and SRF Export - analysis of EA data by Monksleigh]]

|-

| '''[[CIWM]] Presidential Report (2018) Showing Grow in [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] Export'''<ref>[https://www.circularonline.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/RDF-Trading-in-a-Modern-World-Summary-Findings.pdf CIWM Presidential Report 2018 Summary of Findings pdf]</ref>|| '''Analysis by Monksleigh of [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] Exports from England from [[EA]] Data'''

|}

Moving [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] and [[Solid Recovered Fuel]] from the UK abroad requires compliance with the [[Transfrontier Shipment Regulations]] ([[TFS]]) and in simple terms requires an application for movement to be made to the relevant authorities that requires a number of key measures to be satisfied before this can occur. It also requires the user of the fuel to be classified as an [[R1]] facility.

==Annual WDF Export from England==

The data shown is for export from England and for [[EWC | Waste Code]] '''''19 12 10 - combustible waste (refuse derived fuel)''''' as this is the primary code that covers both [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] tonnage.

It is important to note that some [[RDF]] / [[SRF]] is exported under the [[EWC | Waste Code]] '''''19 12 12 - other wastes (including mixtures of materials) from mechanical treatment of wastes other than those mentioned in 19 12 11''''', this code is a catch all, and covers any waste from Mechanical treatment not covered by it's own 19 12 waste code and as such has not been included in the numbers below.

The data included here is taken from the Waste Description as shown on the Transfrontier Shipment notice, which describes the waste as [[RDF]] or [[SRF]].

===Month on Month Export===

The graph shows the monthly shipments of [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] along with a trend line showing the trajectory of export.

[[File:Shipped mnthly.png|700px|none|month on month export with trend]]

===Year on Year Differences===

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{"x": 2018, "y": -332696}, {"x": 2019, "y": -365535},

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|-

! colspan="4" | Data Table

|-

!Year!!Tonnage Shipped!!Increase on Previous!!Percentage Change

|-

|2011||251,451||-||-

|-

|2012||1,009,972||+758,520||301.7%

|-

|2013||1,963,363||+953,390||94.4%

|-

|2014||2,661,871||+698,508||35.6%

|-

|2015||3,211,636||+549,765||20.7%

|-

|2016||3,530,859||+319,222||9.9%

|-

|2017||3,512,146||-18,713||-0.5%

|-

|2018||3,179,450||-365,696||-9.5%

|-

|2019||2,813,915||-365,535||-11.5%

|-

|2020||1,797,787||-1,016,128||-36.1%

|-

|2021||1,689,587||-108,200||-6.0%

|-

|2022||1,504,902||-184,685||-10.9%

|}

===Exporters===

{{#clear_external_data:}}{{#get_db_data: db=engy|from=notiftbl|order by=notif asc|data=notif=notif,yr2015=yr2015,yr2016=yr2016,yr2017=yr2017,yr2018=yr2018,yr2019=yr2019,yr2020=yr2020,yr2021=yr2021,yr2022=yr2022}}

{|class = "wikitable sortable"

!Company!!2015!!2016!!2017!!2018!!2019!!2020!!2021!!2022

{{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>

{{!}}-

{{!}} [[{{{notif}}}]]

{{!}} {{{yr2015}}}

{{!}} {{{yr2016}}}

{{!}} {{{yr2017}}}

{{!}} {{{yr2018}}}

{{!}} {{{yr2019}}}

{{!}} {{{yr2020}}}

{{!}} {{{yr2021}}}

{{!}} {{{yr2022}}}

}}

|}

==References==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Category:Tonnage & Waste Types]]
-Waste Derived Fuel has been produced from the processing of waste into a specification for an end user. The export of WDF from the UK (primarily to the EU) requires the fuel to be sufficiently treated and processed to meet a specification of the user, which must be classified as an [[R1]] facility. WDF is generally characterised into [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] but for the purposes of legislation remains a waste (unless stringent [[End of Waste Criteria]] can be met) and so users of the fuel have to have to comply with the [[IED]] which has superseded [[WID]].
+[[Waste Derived Fuel]] is generally categorised as [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] ([[RDF]]) or [[Solid Recovered Fuel]] (SRF) and has been prepared by a treatment process to produce a specification for an end user. The specification will depend upon the plant using the fuel, but typically at the most basic level will have had metals and inert materials removed, removal of some recyclables and limited shredding/bag splitting. More refined [[RDF]] will have had drying, shredding to a uniform size and [[Moisture Content]] reduction. At the very high end of production the [[RDF]] will move towards being a [[Solid Recovered Fuel]] ([[SRF]]).
+[[File:Picture of RDF.jpg|350px|left|Picture of loose RDF material, picture from Turmec, all rights reserved]]__TOC__
+<br clear='left/>
+==Context==
+[[Waste Derived Fuel]] is generally categorised as [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] ([[RDF]]) or [[Solid Recovered Fuel]] (SRF) and has been prepared by a treatment process to produce a specification for an end user. The specification will depend upon the plant to be used, but typically at the most basic level will have had metals and inert materials removed, removal of some recyclables and limited shredding/bag splitting. More refined [[RDF]] will have had drying, shredding to a uniform size and [[Moisture Content]] reduction. At the very high end of production the [[RDF]] will move towards being a [[Solid Recovered Fuel]] ([[SRF]]).
+For the purposes of legislation [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] remains a waste (unless stringent [[End of Waste Criteria]] can be met) and so users of the fuel have to comply with the [[IED]] which has superseded [[WID]].
+==Composition of Waste Derived Fuel==
+We have pulled together a number of specification (spec) sheets to produce give an overall feel for the spec of [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] and [[Solid Recovered Fuel]], as shown in the table below. In reality the spec is usually very tightly controlled by the receiving plant.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+!Measure!!Units!!Residual Waste<ref>Typical ranges for Residual Waste as a Comparison</ref>!!RDF!!SRF</th></tr>
+|-
+|Net Calorific Value||MJ/kg (as received)||9 - 15||10 - 15||>18.5
+|-
+|Moisture||wt% (dry basis)||10 - 40||<25||<15
+|-
+|Biomass Content<ref>Not generally defined for exports to EU (no biomass requirements.)</ref>||wt% (dry basis)||>45||>65||>65
+|-
+|Ash Content||wt% (dry basis)||10 - 30||<20||<15
+|-
+|Sulphur||wt% (dry basis)||< 0.85||<0.5||<0.5
+|-
+|Nitrogen||wt% (dry basis)||<1.5||<0.8||<0.8
+|-
+|Lead||mg/kg||<200||<100||<80
+|-
+|Chlorine CI||wt% (dry basis)||<1.2||<0.1||<0.6
+|-
+|Zinc<ref name="rdf1">Not generally defined in a fuel spec</ref>||wt% (dry basis)||<0.1||&nbsp;||&nbsp;
+|-
+|Sodium and Potassium<ref name="rdf1"/>||wt% (dry basis)||<0.8||&nbsp;||&nbsp;
+|-
+|Mercury||mg/kg||<2||<1||<0.6
+|-
+|Nickel||mg/kg||<200||<100||<100
+|-
+|Thallium||mg/kg||<20||<10||<10
+|-
+|Ferrous and non-ferrous metals||wt% (dry basis)||<7||<3||<1
+|-
+|Non combustible material||wt% (dry basis)||<15||<10||<5
+|-
+|Glass||wt% (dry basis)||<5||<2||<1
+|-
+|Dust <1mm||wt% (dry basis)||<5||<5||<5
+|-
+|Bulk Density (loose)||kg/m3||100 - 275||100 - 175||185
+|-
+|Particle Size (max dimension)||mm||500||300||<40
+|}
+Chlorine is a particular issue due to its tendency to form [[wikipedia:Hydrochloric acid | Hydrochloric Acid]] in an energy recovery process, which then requires specific abatement/clean-up technologies. With limited such arrangements in [[Cement Kilns]] this means that they generally have a lower tolerance for Chlorine closer in a final specification to [[SRF]]. In addition, the use of any [[Waste Derived Fuel]] in [[Cement Kilns]] has the potential to impact the final quality of the cement produced, and so the composition of an [[RDF]] or [[SRF]] is critical in the decision to use it in such an application in terms of the ash content of the [[RDF]]/[[SRF]].
+==Background to Export of [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] and [[Solid Recovered Fuel]] ==
+The movement of [[WDF]] from the UK, primarily in the EU, commenced in c.2010 and progressively grew up until around 2016 driven by supply-demand and [[Landfill Tax|landfill tax]] in the UK and the economics and spare capacity of [[EfW]] plants in the EU. From around 2017 tonnages for export started to drop, with more pronounced drops from 2018 as the supply-demand patterns changed in the UK, some EU countries started to implement taxation on [[EfW]] and the cost and complexities of transportation following [[wikipedia :brexit|Brexit]] increased. The two charts below show the overall patterns of export:
+{|class="wikitable"
+|-
+|[[File:CIWM Curve.png|500px|center|CIWM Presidential Report 2018 – RDF Trading in a Modern World]]|| [[File:RDF and SRF Export.png|450px|center|RDF and SRF Export - analysis of EA data by Monksleigh]]
+|-
+| '''[[CIWM]] Presidential Report (2018) Showing Grow in [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] Export'''<ref>[https://www.circularonline.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/RDF-Trading-in-a-Modern-World-Summary-Findings.pdf CIWM Presidential Report 2018 Summary of Findings pdf]</ref>|| '''Analysis by Monksleigh of [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] Exports from England from [[EA]] Data'''
+|}
+Moving [[Refuse Derived Fuel]] and [[Solid Recovered Fuel]] from the UK abroad requires compliance with the [[Transfrontier Shipment Regulations]] ([[TFS]]) and in simple terms requires an application for movement to be made to the relevant authorities that requires a number of key measures to be satisfied before this can occur. It also requires the user of the fuel to be classified as an [[R1]] facility.
+==Annual WDF Export from England==
+The data shown is for export from England and for [[EWC | Waste Code]] '''''19 12 10 - combustible waste (refuse derived fuel)''''' as this is the primary code that covers both [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] tonnage.
+It is important to note that some [[RDF]] / [[SRF]] is exported under the [[EWC | Waste Code]] '''''19 12 12 - other wastes (including mixtures of materials) from mechanical treatment of wastes other than those mentioned in 19 12 11''''', this code is a catch all, and covers any waste from Mechanical treatment not covered by it's own 19 12 waste code and as such has not been included in the numbers below.
+The data included here is taken from the Waste Description as shown on the Transfrontier Shipment notice, which describes the waste as [[RDF]] or [[SRF]].
+===Month on Month Export===
+The graph shows the monthly shipments of [[RDF]] and [[SRF]] along with a trend line showing the trajectory of export.
+[[File:Shipped mnthly.png|700px|none|month on month export with trend]]
+===Year on Year Differences===
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+| colspan="4" | <graph>{
+  "width": 500,
+  "height": 500,
+  "data": [
+    {
+      "name": "table",
+      "values": [
+        {"x": 2012,  "y":  758521}, {"x": 2013,  "y":  953391},
+        {"x": 2014,  "y":  698508}, {"x": 2015,  "y":  549765},
+        {"x": 2016,  "y":  319223}, {"x": 2017,  "y":  -18713},
+        {"x": 2018,  "y": -332696}, {"x": 2019,  "y": -365535},
+        {"x": 2020,  "y":-1016128}, {"x": 2021,  "y": -108200},
+        {"x": 2022,  "y": -184685}
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
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+}</graph>
+|-
+! colspan="4" | Data Table
+|-
+!Year!!Tonnage Shipped!!Increase on Previous!!Percentage Change
+|-
+|-
+|2011||251,451||-||-
+|-
+|2012||1,009,972||+758,520||301.7%
+|-
+|2013||1,963,363||+953,390||94.4%
+|-
+|2014||2,661,871||+698,508||35.6%
+|-
+|2015||3,211,636||+549,765||20.7%
+|-
+|2016||3,530,859||+319,222||9.9%
+|-
+|2017||3,512,146||-18,713||-0.5%
+|-
+|2018||3,179,450||-365,696||-9.5%
+|-
+|2019||2,813,915||-365,535||-11.5%
+|-
+|2020||1,797,787||-1,016,128||-36.1%
+|-
+|2021||1,689,587||-108,200||-6.0%
+|-
+|2022||1,504,902||-184,685||-10.9%
+|}
+===Exporters===
+{{#clear_external_data:}}{{#get_db_data: db=engy|from=notiftbl|order by=notif asc|data=notif=notif,yr2015=yr2015,yr2016=yr2016,yr2017=yr2017,yr2018=yr2018,yr2019=yr2019,yr2020=yr2020,yr2021=yr2021,yr2022=yr2022}}
+{|class = "wikitable sortable"
+!Company!!2015!!2016!!2017!!2018!!2019!!2020!!2021!!2022
+{{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>
+{{!}}-
+{{!}} [[{{{notif}}}]]
+{{!}} {{{yr2015}}}
+{{!}} {{{yr2016}}}
+{{!}} {{{yr2017}}}
+{{!}} {{{yr2018}}}
+{{!}} {{{yr2019}}}
+{{!}} {{{yr2020}}}
+{{!}} {{{yr2021}}}
+{{!}} {{{yr2022}}}
+}}
+|}
+==References==
+<references />