Energy from Waste: Difference between revisions

Line 50:

Aside from the desired electricity, heat, steam or chemicals (including fuels) generated from the Energy from Waste process; a range of by-products are also produced.The by-products produced from [[EfW]] processes vary in composition and quantity depending on the type of waste used as a feedstock, and the technology implemented<ref name='ref3' />.

The residual [[Incinerator Bottom Ash]] or [[IBA]] left after the combustion process is generally around 20% of the input tonnage by weight for a [[Residual Waste EFW]] plant, but will vary in quantity and chemical composition depending on the composition of the waste feedstock. This often contains minerals and metals along with non-combustible ash, which is increasingly being recycled into [[Secondary Aggregates]], with some being used for the building of roads once processed (after processing [[IBA]] is termed [[IBBA]]<ref name='ref3'>WRAP, 2019. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/6_O_And_EFW_Guidance_Outputs.pdf EfW Outputs and Residues Guidance on the management of energy outputs and residues including air pollution control residues and incinerator bottom ash. EfW Development Guidance.] [online] [Accessed 30 Oct. 2019].</ref>.

The residual [[Incinerator Bottom Ash]] or [[IBA]] left after the combustion process is generally around 20% of the input tonnage by weight for a [[Residual Waste EFW]] plant, but will vary in quantity and chemical composition depending on the composition of the waste feedstock. This often contains minerals and metals along with non-combustible ash, which is increasingly being recycled into [[Secondary Aggregates]], with some being used for the building of roads once processed (after processing [[IBA]] is termed [[IBBA]])<ref name='ref3'>WRAP, 2019. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/6_O_And_EFW_Guidance_Outputs.pdf EfW Outputs and Residues Guidance on the management of energy outputs and residues including air pollution control residues and incinerator bottom ash. EfW Development Guidance.] [online] [Accessed 30 Oct. 2019].</ref>.

The combustion gases from [[EfW]] are cleaned in several stages to a strict standard set by the [[Waste Incineration Directive]] ([[WID]]), which are monitored by the Environment Agency (EA) in England. This gas cleaning results in a residual [[Flue Ash]] which is around 3% of the overall input to the plant by weight depending on the level of gas cleaning required. [[Fly Ash]] and [[Air Pollution Control]] (APC) residues are often combined. [[APC]] residues contain ash, carbon and lime in varying quantities and is considered a [[Hazardous Waste]] to be disposed of in a [[Hazardous Landfill]], or sometimes to be further processed through washing or stabilisation in order to make it a non-hazardous waste and allow it to be disposed of in a [[Non-hazardous Landfill]]<ref name='ref3' />.

@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 Aside from the desired electricity, heat, steam or chemicals (including fuels) generated from the Energy from Waste process; a range of by-products are also produced.The by-products produced from [[EfW]] processes vary in composition and quantity depending on the type of waste used as a feedstock, and the technology implemented<ref name='ref3' />.
-The residual [[Incinerator Bottom Ash]] or [[IBA]] left after the combustion process is generally around 20% of the input tonnage by weight for a [[Residual Waste EFW]] plant, but will vary in quantity and chemical composition depending on the composition of the waste feedstock. This often contains minerals and metals along with non-combustible ash, which is increasingly being recycled into [[Secondary Aggregates]], with some being used for the building of roads once processed (after processing [[IBA]] is termed [[IBBA]]<ref name='ref3'>WRAP, 2019. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/6_O_And_EFW_Guidance_Outputs.pdf EfW Outputs and Residues Guidance on the management of energy outputs and residues including air pollution control residues and incinerator bottom ash. EfW Development Guidance.] [online] [Accessed 30 Oct. 2019].</ref>.
+The residual [[Incinerator Bottom Ash]] or [[IBA]] left after the combustion process is generally around 20% of the input tonnage by weight for a [[Residual Waste EFW]] plant, but will vary in quantity and chemical composition depending on the composition of the waste feedstock. This often contains minerals and metals along with non-combustible ash, which is increasingly being recycled into [[Secondary Aggregates]], with some being used for the building of roads once processed (after processing [[IBA]] is termed [[IBBA]])<ref name='ref3'>WRAP, 2019. [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/6_O_And_EFW_Guidance_Outputs.pdf EfW Outputs and Residues Guidance on the management of energy outputs and residues including air pollution control residues and incinerator bottom ash. EfW Development Guidance.] [online] [Accessed 30 Oct. 2019].</ref>.
 The combustion gases from [[EfW]] are cleaned in several stages to a strict standard set by the [[Waste Incineration Directive]] ([[WID]]), which are monitored by the Environment Agency (EA) in England. This gas cleaning results in a residual [[Flue Ash]] which is around 3% of the overall input to the plant by weight depending on the level of gas cleaning required. [[Fly Ash]] and [[Air Pollution Control]] (APC) residues are often combined. [[APC]] residues contain ash, carbon and lime in varying quantities and is considered a [[Hazardous Waste]] to be disposed of in a [[Hazardous Landfill]], or sometimes to be further processed through washing or stabilisation in order to make it a non-hazardous waste and allow it to be disposed of in a [[Non-hazardous Landfill]]<ref name='ref3' />.