Collection System Design
Collection System Design primarily refers to the combination of arrangements and approaches used for the collection of different waste and recyclables by a Local Authority for household waste but is also used in the context of business waste and this is likely to be increasingly the case under the Consistency in Recycling Collections in England.
Service Structure/Combination
WRAP, in their report on greater consistency[1], proposed the following default approaches to Collection System Design, although the number of systems are presently varied. The Consistency in Recycling Collections in England is designed to ultimately deliver a greater standardisation across the collection of household Waste and business waste to improve recycling rates.
Bin Size and Collection Frequency
The size of the bin given to householders for Residual Waste and the frequency with which it is emptied can vary according to the behavioural change being targeted by the relevant Waste Collection Authority. By constraining the capacity for Residual Waste collection the more the resident is 'pushed' into increasing the items for recycling. This has broadly been seen as a change from weekly to fortnightly collection and with some movement towards three weekly collection and limited trials of four weekly collection, all of which does not require the replacement of larger bins with smaller bins.
A Waste Collection Authority may choose to issue a smaller bin to its residents in order to restrict their Residual Waste arisings. However, when a new collection system is developed a Waste Collection Authority may choose to replace the bin (for example changing a 240 litre bin for a 120 litre bin), or it may simply continue to supply the same bin that is collected less frequently (for example a 240 litre bin is emptied fortnightly giving a weekly capacity of 120 litres for Residual Waste). The other option available to the Waste Collection Authority is to issue its residents with both a smaller bin that is also collected less frequently.
Whatever the size of the bin chosen by the Waste Collection Authority for Residual Waste it must do so in tandem with more frequent collection of Food Waste and Dry Recyclables to compensate for the reduced capacity.
Charging for Service
The collection of waste and recyclables from residents is a legal requirement under the Environmental Protection Act 1990. A Local Authority therefore cannot charge their residents for the use of this service provided the waste and recyclables fit within the containers provided by their Waste Collection Authority and/or weigh less than 25kg.
There are some exceptions to this arrangement which are detailed within the Controlled Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2012, although this may change under the changes envisaged with the move towards Consistency in Recycling Collections in England. The current Regulations, however, stipulate when a Waste Collection Authority is able to charge its residents for the collection and/or disposal of household waste. These exceptions are:
- any item of waste which exceeds 25kg in weight (often referred to as a 'Bulky Waste Collection').
- any item which does not fit into the container provided by the Waste Collection Authority
- the collection of clinical waste; and
- the collection of Green Waste/Garden Waste
This latter point has led to two types of arrangements being implemented across the country for the collection of Green Waste
- Free Collection or Green Not Charged - Most authorities initially did not charge their residents for the collection of their Green Waste and those that continue to provide the service with no charge/fee, do so either because of a political reluctance to charge and/or a perception that a charge would lead to a drop in recycling figures or a political desire to retain their position as a 'high achieving recycling authority'.
- Charged Collection or Green Charged - Many authorities have moved to a charged system, mainly driven by a desire to recover the cost of collection from those that use it the most, but also due to the perception that free collection leads to an increase in collected waste and a reduction in, for example, home composting.
In addition to Green Waste collected by the Waste Collection Authority, Green Waste is also handled by the Waste Disposal Authority at a Household Waste Recycling Centre where the public bring their Garden Waste/Green Waste to be bulked up and disposed of in a similar way to kerbside collected Green Waste through the use of Windrow Composting or In-vessel Composting.