Landfill: Difference between revisions

(33 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)

Line 1:

A ~~'''~~Landfill~~'''~~ Site is the ultimate destination for waste, ideally after all forms of [[Reuse]], [[Recycling]], and [[Recovery]] have been undertaken and as such it is at the bottom of the [[Waste Hierarchy]].

A [[Landfill]] Site is the ultimate destination for waste, ideally after all forms of [[Reuse]], [[Recycling]], and [[Recovery]] have been undertaken and as such it is at the bottom of the [[Waste Hierarchy]].

[[Category:Technologies & Solutions]]

[[File:General Landfill Pic.png|500px|left|General Picture of Landfill Compactor compacting MSW Waste]]__TOC__

Line 14:

Whilst Landfill is the ultimate destination for waste, ideally after all forms of [[Reuse]], [[Recycling]], and [[Recovery]] have been undertaken, there will always be a small element of waste that will need to be landfilled in a safe and secure way (under the [[Landfill Directive]] no more than 10% of [[MSW]] generated by weight is to be landfilled by 2035). In developing countries, with limited infrastructure, the delivery of Sanitary Landfill would represent a huge step forwards in protecting water resources and human health.

The key legal requirements for managing landfill have been implemented in the UK through the [[Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005|Landfill Regulations 2005]] which implemented the [[Landfill Directive]] and defined 3 types of Landfill:

The key legal requirements for managing landfill have been implemented in the UK through the [[Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005|Landfill Regulations 2005]] which implemented the [[Landfill Directive]] and defined three types of Landfill:

*[[Non-Hazardous Landfill]] (~~the link goes to a page listing sites in England, Wales~~ and ~~Scotland and includes~~ those ~~site~~ with a [[Stabilised Non-Reactive Hazardous Waste]] cell))

*'''[[Inert Landfill]]'''

*[[Hazardous Landfill]]

*'''[[Non-Hazardous Landfill]]''' (and those with a '''[[Stabilised Non-Reactive Hazardous Waste]] cell''')

*[[Inert Landfill]]

*'''[[Hazardous Landfill]]'''

and the standards are set out for the key stages of landfill in regards to:

*initial choice of location

Line 26:

Line 28:

==Landfill Capacity==

~~The [[EA]] reported~~<ref>[https://data.gov.uk/dataset/237825cb-dc10-4c53-8446-1bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity EA Remaining Landfill Capacity]</ref> ~~the following remaining~~ Landfill ~~Capacity~~ for ~~England in~~ 2019:

===England===

All data 2020<ref>[https://data.gov.uk/dataset/237825cb-dc10-4c53-8446-1bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity EA Remaining Landfill Capacity]</ref>.

{{#clear_external_data:}}{{#get_db_data:

db=engy

|from=lfvoidtbl

|where=year=2020 and cntry='England'

|data=type=type, num=num, void=void, avgvoid=avgvoid

|order by=type

|suppress error

}}

{| class="wikitable"

! Type of [[Landfill]] !! Number of Sites !! Total Void (m3) !! Average Void per site (m3){{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>

{{!}}-

{{!}} [[{{{type}}}]]

{{!}} {{{num}}}

{{!}} {{{void}}}

{{!}} {{{avgvoid}}}

}}

|}

===Scotland===

All Data for 2019, owning to a cyber attack at [[SEPA]] there is currently no 2020 data.

{{#clear_external_data:}}{{#get_db_data:

db=engy

|from=lfvoidtbl

|where=year=2019 and cntry='Scotland'

|data=type=type, num=num, void=void, avgvoid=avgvoid

|order by=type

|suppress error

}}

{| class="wikitable"

! Type of [[Landfill]] !! Number of Sites !! Total Void (tonnes) !! Average Void per site (tonnes){{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>

{{!}}-

{{!}} [[{{{type}}}]]

{{!}} {{{num}}}

{{!}} {{{void}}}

{{!}} {{{avgvoid}}}

}}

|}

===Wales===

Void data for 2018 for wales, Site Count Data is 2020.

{{#clear_external_data:}}{{#get_db_data:

db=engy

|from=lfvoidtbl

|where=year=2018 and cntry='Wales'

|data=type=type, num=num, void=void, avgvoid=avgvoid

|order by=type

|suppress error

}}

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Type of [[Landfill]] !! Number of Sites !! Total Void (m3) !! Average Void per site (m3){{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>

! Landfill ~~Type~~ !! ~~Remaining Capacity~~ (~~2019~~) !! ~~% Split~~

{{!}}-

|-

{{!}} [[{{{type}}}]]

| [[~~Non-Hazardous Landfill~~]] ~~with [[Stabilised Non-Reactive Hazardous Waste]] cell || 69,446,709 || 5.0%~~

{{!}} {{{num}}}

|-

{{!}} {{{void}}}

~~| [[Non-Hazardous Landfill]] || 160,160,458 || 18.7%~~

{{!}} {{{avgvoid}}}

|-

}}

~~| [[Hazardous Landfill]] || 18,443,160 || 43.1%~~

|-

~~| [[Inert Landfill]] || 122,375,212 || 33.0%~~

|-

~~| Hazardous Restricted Landfill || 832,407 || 0.2%~~

|-

~~| Total || 371,257,946 ||~~

|}

The capacity of Non-Hazardous Landfill (with and without [[SNRHW]]) has been reducing at around 18 to 20 million cubic metres per year since 2015. At this continued rate of consumption, this landfill capacity would be filled within 10 years, unless further capacity is consented/bought into operation (although the rate of consumption of Non-Hazardous Landfill with SNRHW is being consumed slightly slower). A report for [[DEFRA]] published in August 2020<ref>[http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&ProjectID=20309&FromSearch=Y&Status=3&Publisher=1&SearchText=Landfill&GridPage=3&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10#Description WR1922 Future Economics of Landfill]</ref> considers void consumption in Non-Hazardous Landfill at current rates of infill and over future input scenarios based on different recycling and growth rates and concludes:

* Overall inputs between 2013 to 2018 were at 27 million tonnes+/- 1 million tonnes

* 75% of the capacity for Non-Hazardous Waste in England is held at 36 sites.

* Just 15 operational sites hold 50% of the capacity

* At 2018 input rates, new void would be required nationally by 2024, but with significant regional variation.

* This extends to 2028 with their assumptions of [[Residual Waste EFW]] coming on stream and potentially extends to 2029 and 2030 depending on future recycling scenarios

==Landfill Overview==

Line 65:

Line 115:

=== Groundwater and Hydrogeology ===

The underlying geology and hydrogeology of a landfill is especially significant if there is an '''aquifer''' that is relied upon for drinking water or other extraction purposes. One definition of aquifer is from Freeze and Cherry (1979): “''An aquifer is best described as a saturated permeable geologic unit that can transmit significant quantities of ~~waste~~ under ordinary hydraulic gradients''”.

The underlying geology and hydrogeology of a landfill is especially significant if there is an '''aquifer''' that is relied upon for drinking water or other extraction purposes. One definition of aquifer is from Freeze and Cherry (1979): “''An aquifer is best described as a saturated permeable geologic unit that can transmit significant quantities of water under ordinary hydraulic gradients''”.

In England and Wales, the [[EA]] categorize aquifers to be consistent with the [[Water Framework Directive]]. The categories are Principal Aquifer, Secondary Aquifer and Unproductive Strata. Previously the phrases major aquifer and minor aquifer were utilized. Similar arrangements exist in Scotland and are supervised by [[SEPA]]. In locating landfills, consideration is given to aquifers in terms of their Source Protection Zoning (see below).

Line 81:

Line 131:

Landfill engineering is a phrase used to describe the preparation and on-going engineering required to operate a landfill site, and overall design, approach and engineering solution is often referred to as a whole as a '''containment system'''. What is required at any particular site in the UK depends upon the proposals made by the permit holder to protect the environment as part of obtaining an [[Environmental Permit]] (with the HRA and the containment system and engineering design being a key part of any such submission) and any subsequent modifications agreed between the permit holder and the regulator ([[EA]], [[NRW]] or [[SEPA]]).

Notwithstanding the risk-based technical design of the landfill engineering, there are minimum requirements imposed by the Landfill Directive and subsequent UK legislation – [[~~The~~ Landfill (England and Wales) Regulations ~~2002~~]], [[The Landfill (Scotland) Regulations 2003]] and the [[Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005|Landfill Regulations 2005]].

Notwithstanding the risk-based technical design of the landfill engineering, there are minimum requirements imposed by the Landfill Directive and subsequent UK legislation – [[Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005]], [[The Landfill (Scotland) Regulations 2003]] and the [[Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005|Landfill Regulations 2005]] as amended.

The design will have been produced taking heed of the technical precautions required to satisfy the regulator that the site will not have an unacceptable impact upon the environment and that the approved design will comply with the requirements of the Landfill Directive. These precautions will have been validated against the various risk assessments required to accompany a permit application.

Line 93:

Line 143:

Landfill sites that incorporate engineered barriers are known as “'''containment facilities'''”. The design of such facilities has more than one form and can incorporate different numbers of layers and different designs. These layers are conventionally known as the “'''landfill lining system'''”.

The [[Landfill Directive]] sets out minimum requirements for site engineering. In simple terms, all sites require a "geological barrier" and some sites are additionally required to have an "artificial sealing liner". The most common manner in which these requirements are ~~deal~~ with is by having a clay liner of 1m metre thickness of low permeability engineered clay (permeability of less than 1x10-9 metres per second) overlain with 2mm thick welded HDPE (high density polyethylene) lining membrane. Typically, this would be further overlain with a geotextile protection layer and then a drainage layer of aggregate and pipework.

The [[Landfill Directive]] sets out minimum requirements for site engineering. In simple terms, all sites require a "geological barrier" and some sites are additionally required to have an "artificial sealing liner". The most common manner in which these requirements are dealt with is by having a clay liner of 1m metre thickness of low permeability engineered clay (permeability of less than 1x10-9 metres per second) overlain with 2mm thick welded HDPE (high density polyethylene) lining membrane. Typically, this would be further overlain with a geotextile protection layer and then a drainage layer of aggregate and pipework.

The design employed at any particular landfill would be informed by the outcome of the HRA which would assess the likely impact of a site upon the environment taking account of the design proposed. In general terms, the most sensitive sites would require the greatest degree of engineering.

Line 116:

Line 166:

* [[Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010]]

* [[Regulatory Guidance Series, No LFD 1 - Understanding the Landfill Directive]]

* [[Regulatory Guidance Series, No LFD 1 - Understanding the Landfill Directive - version 2 March 2010]]<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/understanding-the-landfill-directive-lfd-1]</ref>

* [~~[Environmental Permitting Guidance~~ - ~~The Landfill Directive~~ - ~~For the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010]~~]

* [[Groundwater protection: Principles and practice (GP3)]] as updated by The Environment Agency’s approach to groundwater protection

===Source Protection Zones for Groundwater===

In essence these policies rely upon a risk assessment of each proposed landfill location, set into the context of the site and whether or not it is within a '''Source Protection Zone''' ('''SPZ''') for a protected groundwater abstraction or within a Major Aquifer (as defined by the [[EA]]).

In essence these policies rely upon a risk assessment of each proposed landfill location, set into the context of the site and whether or not it is within a '''Source Protection Zone''' ('''SPZ''') for a protected groundwater abstraction or within a Major/Principal Aquifer (as defined by the [[EA]]).

The relevant [[EA]] policy is as follows:

Line 138:

Line 187:

==Landfill Management==

The management of a Landfill not only encompasses the engineering ~~and~~ and monitoring to ensure permit compliance, but also encompasses the receipt and placement of the waste while the site is open/operational. In general terms, the following day to day activities take place and are further detailed in WMP26B <ref name="refB" />and ISWA's Guidelines<ref>ISWA's LANDFILL OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES (2nd Edition 2010 ISWA WORKING GROUP ON LANDFILL)</ref>:

The management of a Landfill not only encompasses the engineering and monitoring to ensure permit compliance, but also encompasses the receipt and placement of the waste while the site is open/operational. In general terms, the following day to day activities take place and are further detailed in WMP26B <ref name="refB" />and ISWA's Guidelines<ref>ISWA's LANDFILL OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES (2nd Edition 2010 ISWA WORKING GROUP ON LANDFILL)</ref>:

* waste is received at the site and the vehicle and contents weighed

* all paperwork is checked to ensure that the received materials are acceptable for disposal at the site

Line 167:

Line 216:

*To provide an effective growing medium and afteruse for the site

Commonly, the capping layer will consist of a compacted clay layer of 1 metre thickness, placed on the last levels of the waste (which is often a thicker layer of final cover to provide a uniform level for placement of the material). This capping layer can be replaced or supplemented by '''flexible membranes''' such as LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene) or GCL (Geo-synthetic Clay) in varying combinations. Flexible membranes can be welded together (or fused) similar to engineering lining systems or laid over-lapped with no fused joints.

Commonly, the capping layer will consist of a compacted clay layer of 1 metre thickness, placed on the last levels of the waste (which is often a thicker layer of final cover to provide a uniform level for placement of the material). This capping layer can be replaced or supplemented by '''flexible membranes''' such as LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene) or GCL (Geo-synthetic Clay) in varying combinations. Flexible membranes can be welded together (or fused) similar to engineering lining systems or laid over-lapped with no fused joints. Guidance on landfill capping was published by the Engineering Sub-group of the EA/industry Landfill Regulation Group in 2018.

Soil thickness will depend upon the proposed afteruse of the site; uses involving deep-rooted plants will require thicker soils to protect the engineered capping layer from root-penetration.

Line 175:

Line 224:

Landfill sites where all tipping has ceased and the all infrastructure for '''post-closure''' management has been installed are deemed "closed" following agreement with the [[EA]].

The landfill operator is required to continue to ~~maintain monitoring~~ and ~~management of~~ the site post-closure until it can be shown to the satisfaction of the [[EA]] that the active management of the site by the operator is no longer required. Assessment of such a state is measured against criteria identified in WMP26A<ref name="refA" /> and subsequent [[EA]] guidance. It is generally accepted for non-hazardous landfill sites that this is unlikely to be ~~able to shown~~ for at least 60 years post-closure~~, probably somewhat~~ longer. This period is known as the '''aftercare''' period.

The landfill operator is required to continue to monitor and manage the site post-closure until it can be shown to the satisfaction of the [[EA]] that the active management of the site by the operator is no longer required. Assessment of such a state is measured against criteria identified in WMP26A<ref name="refA" /> and subsequent [[EA]] guidance. It is generally accepted for non-hazardous landfill sites that this is unlikely to be demonstrated for at least 60 years post-closure or possibly longer. This period is known as the '''aftercare''' period.

There is published guidance on landfill permit surrender available from the [[EA]]<ref>Additional guidance for Landfill (EPR 5.02) and other permanent deposits of waste - How to surrender your environmental permit</ref>.

There is published guidance on landfill permit surrender available from the [[EA]]<ref>Additional guidance for Landfill (EPR 5.02) and other permanent deposits of waste - How to surrender your environmental permit</ref>and guidance was updated in March 2022<ref>https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/landfill-epr-502-and-other-permanent-deposits-of-waste-how-to-surrender-your-environmental-permit?</ref>.

===Settlement and Surcharge===

Line 193:

Line 242:

* Quantity and type of waste received including any assessments of suitability for acceptance at the site

* Daily activity and waste placement log

* [Leachate]] volume and quality within the waste mass

* [[Leachate]] volume and quality within the waste mass

* [[Leachate]] volume and quality extracted from the site and disposed

* [[Landfill Gas]] quantity and quality within the waste mass

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-A '''Landfill''' Site is the ultimate destination for waste, ideally after all forms of [[Reuse]], [[Recycling]], and [[Recovery]] have been undertaken and as such it is at the bottom of the [[Waste Hierarchy]].
+A [[Landfill]] Site is the ultimate destination for waste, ideally after all forms of [[Reuse]], [[Recycling]], and [[Recovery]] have been undertaken and as such it is at the bottom of the [[Waste Hierarchy]].
 [[Category:Technologies & Solutions]]
 [[File:General Landfill Pic.png|500px|left|General Picture of Landfill Compactor compacting MSW Waste]]__TOC__
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 Whilst Landfill is the ultimate destination for waste, ideally after all forms of [[Reuse]], [[Recycling]], and [[Recovery]] have been undertaken, there will always be a small element of waste that will need to be landfilled in a safe and secure way (under the [[Landfill Directive]] no more than 10% of [[MSW]] generated by weight is to be landfilled by 2035). In developing countries, with limited infrastructure, the delivery of Sanitary Landfill would represent a huge step forwards in protecting water resources and human health.
-The key legal requirements for managing landfill have been implemented in the UK through the [[Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005|Landfill Regulations 2005]] which implemented the [[Landfill Directive]] and defined 3 types of Landfill:
+The key legal requirements for managing landfill have been implemented in the UK through the [[Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005|Landfill Regulations 2005]] which implemented the [[Landfill Directive]] and defined three types of Landfill:
-*[[Non-Hazardous Landfill]] (the link goes to a page listing sites in England, Wales and Scotland and includes those site with a [[Stabilised Non-Reactive Hazardous Waste]] cell))
+*'''[[Inert Landfill]]'''
-*[[Hazardous Landfill]]
+*'''[[Non-Hazardous Landfill]]''' (and those with a '''[[Stabilised Non-Reactive Hazardous Waste]] cell''')
-*[[Inert Landfill]]
+*'''[[Hazardous Landfill]]'''
 and the standards are set out for the key stages of landfill in regards to:
 *initial choice of location
@@ Line 26: / Line 28: @@
 ==Landfill Capacity==
-The [[EA]] reported<ref>[https://data.gov.uk/dataset/237825cb-dc10-4c53-8446-1bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity EA Remaining Landfill Capacity]</ref> the following remaining Landfill Capacity for England in 2019:
+===England===
+All data 2020<ref>[https://data.gov.uk/dataset/237825cb-dc10-4c53-8446-1bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity EA Remaining Landfill Capacity]</ref>.
+{{#clear_external_data:}}{{#get_db_data:
+ db=engy
+ |from=lfvoidtbl
+ |where=year=2020 and cntry='England'
+ |data=type=type, num=num, void=void, avgvoid=avgvoid
+ |order by=type
+ |suppress error
+}}
+{| class="wikitable"
+   ! Type of [[Landfill]] !! Number of Sites !! Total Void (m<sup>3</sup>) !! Average Void per site (m<sup>3</sup>){{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>
+   {{!}}-
+   {{!}} [[{{{type}}}]]
+   {{!}} {{{num}}}
+   {{!}} {{{void}}}
+   {{!}} {{{avgvoid}}}
+  }}
+|}
+===Scotland===
+All Data for 2019, owning to a cyber attack at [[SEPA]] there is currently no 2020 data.
+{{#clear_external_data:}}{{#get_db_data:
+ db=engy
+ |from=lfvoidtbl
+ |where=year=2019 and cntry='Scotland'
+ |data=type=type, num=num, void=void, avgvoid=avgvoid
+ |order by=type
+ |suppress error
+}}
+{| class="wikitable"
+   ! Type of [[Landfill]] !! Number of Sites !! Total Void (tonnes) !! Average Void per site (tonnes){{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>
+   {{!}}-
+   {{!}} [[{{{type}}}]]
+   {{!}} {{{num}}}
+   {{!}} {{{void}}}
+   {{!}} {{{avgvoid}}}
+  }}
+|}
+===Wales===
+Void data for 2018 for wales, Site Count Data is 2020.
+{{#clear_external_data:}}{{#get_db_data:
+ db=engy
+ |from=lfvoidtbl
+ |where=year=2018 and cntry='Wales'
+ |data=type=type, num=num, void=void, avgvoid=avgvoid
+ |order by=type
+ |suppress error
+}}
 {| class="wikitable"
-|-
+   ! Type of [[Landfill]] !! Number of Sites !! Total Void (m<sup>3</sup>) !! Average Void per site (m<sup>3</sup>){{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>
-! Landfill Type !! Remaining Capacity (2019) !! % Split
+   {{!}}-
-|-
+   {{!}} [[{{{type}}}]]
-| [[Non-Hazardous Landfill]] with [[Stabilised Non-Reactive Hazardous Waste]] cell || 69,446,709 || 5.0%
+   {{!}} {{{num}}}
-|-
+   {{!}} {{{void}}}
-| [[Non-Hazardous Landfill]] || 160,160,458 || 18.7%
+   {{!}} {{{avgvoid}}}
-|-
+  }}
-| [[Hazardous Landfill]] || 18,443,160 || 43.1%
-|-
-| [[Inert Landfill]] || 122,375,212 || 33.0%
-|-
-| Hazardous Restricted Landfill || 832,407 || 0.2%
-|-
-| Total || 371,257,946 ||
 |}
+The capacity of Non-Hazardous Landfill (with and without [[SNRHW]]) has been reducing at around 18 to 20 million cubic metres per year since 2015. At this continued rate of consumption, this landfill capacity would be filled within 10 years, unless further capacity is consented/bought into operation (although the rate of consumption of Non-Hazardous Landfill with SNRHW is being consumed slightly slower). A report for [[DEFRA]] published in August 2020<ref>[http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&ProjectID=20309&FromSearch=Y&Status=3&Publisher=1&SearchText=Landfill&GridPage=3&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10#Description WR1922 Future Economics of Landfill]</ref> considers void consumption in Non-Hazardous Landfill at current rates of infill and over future input scenarios based on different recycling and growth rates and concludes:
+* Overall inputs between 2013 to 2018 were at 27 million tonnes+/- 1 million tonnes
+* 75% of the capacity for Non-Hazardous Waste in England is held at 36 sites.
+* Just 15 operational sites hold 50% of the capacity
+* At 2018 input rates, new void would be required nationally by 2024, but with significant regional variation.
+* This extends to 2028 with their assumptions of [[Residual Waste EFW]] coming on stream and potentially extends to 2029 and 2030 depending on future recycling scenarios
 ==Landfill Overview==
@@ Line 65: / Line 115: @@
 === Groundwater and Hydrogeology ===
-The underlying geology and hydrogeology of a landfill is especially significant if there is an '''aquifer''' that is relied upon for drinking water or other extraction purposes. One definition of aquifer is from Freeze and Cherry (1979): “''An aquifer is best described as a saturated permeable geologic unit that can transmit significant quantities of waste under ordinary hydraulic gradients''”.
+The underlying geology and hydrogeology of a landfill is especially significant if there is an '''aquifer''' that is relied upon for drinking water or other extraction purposes. One definition of aquifer is from Freeze and Cherry (1979): “''An aquifer is best described as a saturated permeable geologic unit that can transmit significant quantities of water under ordinary hydraulic gradients''”.
 In England and Wales, the [[EA]] categorize aquifers to be consistent with the [[Water Framework Directive]]. The categories are Principal Aquifer, Secondary Aquifer and Unproductive Strata. Previously the phrases major aquifer and minor aquifer were utilized. Similar arrangements exist in Scotland and are supervised by [[SEPA]]. In locating landfills, consideration is given to aquifers in terms of their Source Protection Zoning (see below).
@@ Line 81: / Line 131: @@
 Landfill engineering is a phrase used to describe the preparation and on-going engineering required to operate a landfill site, and overall design, approach and engineering solution is often referred to as a whole as a '''containment system'''. What is required at any particular site in the UK depends upon the proposals made by the permit holder to protect the environment as part of obtaining an [[Environmental Permit]] (with the HRA and the containment system and engineering design being a key part of any such submission) and any subsequent modifications agreed between the permit holder and the regulator ([[EA]], [[NRW]] or [[SEPA]]).
-Notwithstanding the risk-based technical design of the landfill engineering, there are minimum requirements imposed by the Landfill Directive and subsequent UK legislation – [[The Landfill (England and Wales) Regulations 2002]], [[The Landfill (Scotland) Regulations 2003]] and the [[Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005|Landfill Regulations 2005]].
+Notwithstanding the risk-based technical design of the landfill engineering, there are minimum requirements imposed by the Landfill Directive and subsequent UK legislation – [[Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005]], [[The Landfill (Scotland) Regulations 2003]] and the [[Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005|Landfill Regulations 2005]] as amended.
 The design will have been produced taking heed of the technical precautions required to satisfy the regulator that the site will not have an unacceptable impact upon the environment and  that the approved design will comply with the requirements of the Landfill Directive. These precautions will have been validated against the various risk assessments required to accompany a permit application.
@@ Line 93: / Line 143: @@
 Landfill sites that incorporate engineered barriers are known as “'''containment facilities'''”. The design of such facilities has more than one form and can incorporate different numbers of layers and different designs. These layers are conventionally known as the “'''landfill lining system'''”.<br>
-The [[Landfill Directive]] sets out minimum requirements for site engineering. In simple terms, all sites require a "geological barrier" and some sites are additionally required to have an "artificial sealing liner". The most common manner in which these requirements are deal with is by having a clay liner of 1m metre thickness of low permeability engineered clay (permeability of less than 1x10-9 metres per second) overlain with 2mm thick welded HDPE (high density polyethylene) lining membrane. Typically, this would be further overlain with a geotextile protection layer and then a drainage layer of aggregate and pipework.
+The [[Landfill Directive]] sets out minimum requirements for site engineering. In simple terms, all sites require a "geological barrier" and some sites are additionally required to have an "artificial sealing liner". The most common manner in which these requirements are dealt with is by having a clay liner of 1m metre thickness of low permeability engineered clay (permeability of less than 1x10-9 metres per second) overlain with 2mm thick welded HDPE (high density polyethylene) lining membrane. Typically, this would be further overlain with a geotextile protection layer and then a drainage layer of aggregate and pipework.
 The design employed at any particular landfill would be informed by the outcome of the HRA which would assess the likely impact of a site upon the environment taking account of the design proposed. In general terms, the most sensitive sites would require the greatest degree of engineering.
@@ Line 116: / Line 166: @@
 * [[Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010]]
-* [[Regulatory Guidance Series, No LFD 1 - Understanding the Landfill Directive]]
+* [[Regulatory Guidance Series, No LFD 1 - Understanding the Landfill Directive - version 2 March 2010]]<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/understanding-the-landfill-directive-lfd-1]</ref>
-* [[Environmental Permitting Guidance - The Landfill Directive - For the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010]]
 * [[Groundwater protection: Principles and practice (GP3)]] as updated by The Environment Agency’s approach to groundwater protection
 ===Source Protection Zones for Groundwater===
-In essence these policies rely upon a risk assessment of each proposed landfill location, set into the context of the site and whether or not it is within a '''Source Protection Zone''' ('''SPZ''') for a protected groundwater abstraction or within a Major Aquifer (as defined by the [[EA]]).
+In essence these policies rely upon a risk assessment of each proposed landfill location, set into the context of the site and whether or not it is within a '''Source Protection Zone''' ('''SPZ''') for a protected groundwater abstraction or within a Major/Principal Aquifer (as defined by the [[EA]]).
 The relevant [[EA]] policy is as follows:
@@ Line 138: / Line 187: @@
 ==Landfill Management==
-The management of a Landfill not only encompasses the engineering and and monitoring to ensure permit compliance, but also encompasses the receipt and placement of the waste while the site is open/operational. In general terms, the following day to day activities take place and are further detailed in WMP26B <ref name="refB" />and ISWA's Guidelines<ref>ISWA's LANDFILL OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES (2nd Edition 2010 ISWA WORKING GROUP ON LANDFILL)</ref>:
+The management of a Landfill not only encompasses the engineering and monitoring to ensure permit compliance, but also encompasses the receipt and placement of the waste while the site is open/operational. In general terms, the following day to day activities take place and are further detailed in WMP26B <ref name="refB" />and ISWA's Guidelines<ref>ISWA's LANDFILL OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES (2nd Edition 2010 ISWA WORKING GROUP ON LANDFILL)</ref>:
 * waste is received at the site and the vehicle and contents weighed
 * all paperwork is checked to ensure that the received materials are acceptable for disposal at the site
@@ Line 167: / Line 216: @@
 *To provide an effective growing medium and afteruse for the site
-Commonly, the capping layer will consist of a compacted clay layer of 1 metre thickness, placed on the last levels of the waste (which is often a thicker layer of final cover to provide a uniform level for placement of the material). This capping layer can be replaced or supplemented by '''flexible membranes''' such as LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene) or GCL (Geo-synthetic Clay) in varying combinations. Flexible membranes can be  welded together (or fused) similar to engineering lining systems or laid over-lapped with no fused joints.
+Commonly, the capping layer will consist of a compacted clay layer of 1 metre thickness, placed on the last levels of the waste (which is often a thicker layer of final cover to provide a uniform level for placement of the material). This capping layer can be replaced or supplemented by '''flexible membranes''' such as LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene) or GCL (Geo-synthetic Clay) in varying combinations. Flexible membranes can be  welded together (or fused) similar to engineering lining systems or laid over-lapped with no fused joints. Guidance on landfill capping was published by the Engineering Sub-group of the EA/industry Landfill Regulation Group in 2018.
 Soil thickness will depend upon the proposed afteruse of the site; uses involving deep-rooted plants will require thicker soils to protect the engineered capping layer from root-penetration.
@@ Line 175: / Line 224: @@
 Landfill sites where all tipping has ceased and the all infrastructure for '''post-closure''' management has been installed are deemed "closed" following agreement with the [[EA]].
-The landfill operator is required to continue to maintain monitoring and management of the site post-closure until it can be shown to the satisfaction of the [[EA]] that the active management of the site by the operator is no longer required. Assessment of such a state is measured against criteria identified in WMP26A<ref name="refA" /> and subsequent [[EA]] guidance. It is generally accepted for non-hazardous landfill sites that this is unlikely to be able to shown for at least 60 years post-closure, probably somewhat longer. This period is known as the '''aftercare''' period.
+The landfill operator is required to continue to monitor and manage the site post-closure until it can be shown to the satisfaction of the [[EA]] that the active management of the site by the operator is no longer required. Assessment of such a state is measured against criteria identified in WMP26A<ref name="refA" /> and subsequent [[EA]] guidance. It is generally accepted for non-hazardous landfill sites that this is unlikely to be demonstrated for at least 60 years post-closure or possibly longer. This period is known as the '''aftercare''' period.
-There is published guidance on landfill permit surrender available from the [[EA]]<ref>Additional guidance for Landfill (EPR 5.02) and other permanent deposits of waste - How to surrender your environmental permit</ref>.
+There is published guidance on landfill permit surrender available from the [[EA]]<ref>Additional guidance for Landfill (EPR 5.02) and other permanent deposits of waste - How to surrender your environmental permit</ref>and guidance was updated in March 2022<ref>https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/landfill-epr-502-and-other-permanent-deposits-of-waste-how-to-surrender-your-environmental-permit?</ref>.
 ===Settlement and Surcharge===
@@ Line 193: / Line 242: @@
 * Quantity and type of waste received including any assessments of suitability for acceptance at the site
 * Daily activity and waste placement log
-* [Leachate]] volume and quality within the waste mass
+* [[Leachate]] volume and quality within the waste mass
 * [[Leachate]] volume and quality extracted from the site and disposed
 * [[Landfill Gas]] quantity and quality within the waste mass