Wikiwaste

Biomass Waste EFW: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Northern Chick (talk | contribs)
authour, banneredit
1,829 edits
No edit summary
 
(34 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
The generation of energy from [[Biomass]] covers a broad range of input materials and technologies for recovering the energy - from [[Combustion]] and [[ERF]] of waste based [[Biomass]] such as [[Wood Waste]] to [[Combustion]] of dedicated crops and virgin materials such as wood, and the indirect recovery of energy from [[Anaerobic Digestion]] of food and crops. Indeed [[Residual Waste EFW]] does itself have an element of [[Biomass]] and this can also be considered to the degree that this is the case.
The generation of energy from [[Biomass]] covers a broad range of input materials and technologies for recovering the energy - from [[Incineration|Combustion]] and [[ERF]] of waste based [[Biomass]] such as [[Wood Waste]] to [[Incineration|Combustion]] of dedicated crops and virgin materials such as wood, and the indirect recovery of energy from [[Anaerobic Digestion]] of food and crops. Indeed [[Residual Waste EFW]] does itself have an element of [[Biomass]] as it contains small amounts of biogenic material i.e. food, paper, cardboard and wood etc.
[[File:EON-Stevens-Croft.jpg|200px|left|Steven's Croft Biomass Facility - a facility that handles both virgin wood and waste wood biomass]]__TOC__
<br clear='left'/>
[[Category:Technologies & Solutions]]
[[Category:Technologies & Solutions]]
==Overview==
==Overview==
Different [[Biomass]] can be used as a feedstock for [[Energy from Waste]] processes. The table below summarizes the types of Biomass used in 2017 to generate energy (excluding the [[Biomass]] content of [[Residual Waste]] in [[Residual Waste EFW]] <ref name='bio1'>Tolvik Consulting Ltd, 2017. [https://www.tolvik.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Tolvik-UK-Biomass-Statistics-2017-2.pdf UK Dedicated Biomass Statistics - 2017.] [online] [Accessed 13 Nov. 2019].</ref>. [[EfW]] plants that operate using [[Biomass]] as a feedstock can be considered as producing [[Renewable Energy]]<ref>Defra, 2014 in proportion to the amount of [[Biomass]] used in line with the [[ROC]] and [[CFD]] regimes.[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/284612/pb14130-energy-waste-201402.pdf Energy from waste A guide to the debate February 2014 (revised edition).] London.</ref>. [[Biomass]] can be considered a renewable fuel because the growth of [[Biomass]] removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stores it in components of [[Biomass]] such as soil, plants and trees, acting as temporary carbon storage<ref name='bio5'>Office for National Statistics, 2019. [https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/articles/aburningissuebiomassisthebiggestsourceofrenewableenergyconsumedintheuk/2019-08-30 A burning issue: biomass is the biggest source of renewable energy consumed in the UK - Office for National Statistics.] [online] Office for National Statistics. [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019].</ref>. Biomass is the largest source of renewable energy in the UK<ref name='bio5' />.
Different [[Biomass]] can be used as a feedstock for [[Energy from Waste]] processes. The table below summarizes the types of Biomass used in 2017 to generate energy (excluding the [[Biomass]] content of [[Residual Waste]]) in [[Residual Waste EFW]] <ref name='bio1'>Tolvik Consulting Ltd, 2017. [https://www.tolvik.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Tolvik-UK-Biomass-Statistics-2017-2.pdf UK Dedicated Biomass Statistics - 2017.] [online] [Accessed 13 Nov. 2019].</ref>. [[EfW]] plants that operate using [[Biomass]] as a feedstock can be considered as producing [[Renewable Energy]]<ref>Defra, 2014 in proportion to the amount of [[Biomass]] used in line with the [[ROC]] and [[CFD]] regimes.[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/284612/pb14130-energy-waste-201402.pdf Energy from waste A guide to the debate February 2014 (revised edition).] London.</ref>. [[Biomass]] can be considered a renewable fuel because the growth of [[Biomass]] removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stores it in components of [[Biomass]] such as soil, plants and trees, acting as temporary carbon storage<ref name='bio5'>Office for National Statistics, 2019. [https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/articles/aburningissuebiomassisthebiggestsourceofrenewableenergyconsumedintheuk/2019-08-30 A burning issue: biomass is the biggest source of renewable energy consumed in the UK - Office for National Statistics.] [online] Office for National Statistics. [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019].</ref>. Biomass does release CO<sub>2</sub> when it is burned but considerably less than fossil fuels.<ref>[https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/blog/what-role-does-biomass-have-play-our-energy-supply/ Energy Savings Trust]</ref> Biomass is the largest source of renewable energy in the UK<ref name='bio5' />.
 
[[Biomass Waste EFW]] plants, similar to [[Energy from Waste]] facilities, can be used to generate [[Baseload Technologies | base load power]] as they produce a steady, reliable amount of energy but generally cannot be adjusted to meet peak demands<ref name='ref2'>Defra, 2014. [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/284612/pb14130-energy-waste-201402.pdf Energy from Waste: A guide to the debate February 2014 (revised edition).] London.</ref>.  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 8: Line 12:
! Biomass !! Overview !! Tonnage (mt) '16-'17 !! Power Generated (GWh) '16-'17  
! Biomass !! Overview !! Tonnage (mt) '16-'17 !! Power Generated (GWh) '16-'17  
|-
|-
| [[Wood Waste]] || As of Qtr 1 2019 there are currently 23 [[Wood Waste]] facilities operating in the UK with another 3 taking a combination of [[Wood Waste]] and [[Virgin Wood]] and one a mixture of [[Wood Waste]] and [[MBM]]; 7 facilities are currently under construction|| 1.63 || 1273
| [[Wood Waste]] || There were 23 [[Wood Waste]] facilities operating in the UK with another 3 taking a combination of [[Wood Waste]] and [[Virgin Wood]] and one a mixture of [[Wood Waste]] and [[MBM]]; 7 facilities were under construction|| 1.63 (2.1 '23<ref>[https://woodrecyclers.org/record-amount-of-waste-wood-processed-in-2022/] The Wood Recycling Association Annual Statistics reported in July 2023 that this figure was 2.1mt in 2022</ref>) || 1273
|-
|-
| [[Meat and Bone Meal]] ([[MBM]]) || As of Qtr 1 2019 there are only two main facilities treating this waste stream with a third due on line at some point in the near future || 0.18 || 145
| [[Meat and Bone Meal]] ([[MBM]]) || There were only two main facilities treating this waste stream with a third due on line || 0.18 || 145
|-
|-
| [[Agricultural Waste]] || There are four plants currently in operation treating in the region of 1.0Mtpa with the dominant markets for straw (animal bedding/feed) taking up around 80% of supply. Poultry Litter is sent to three large scale facilities with remaining tonnage sent to AD facilities and used in agriculture as a fertilizer. || 1.37 || 1225
| [[Agricultural Waste]] || There were four plants in operation treating in the region of 1.0Mtpa with the dominant material being straw (animal bedding/feed) taking up around 80% of supply. Poultry Litter went to three large scale facilities with remaining tonnage sent to AD facilities and used in agriculture as a fertilizer. || 1.37 || 1225
|-
|-
| [[Sewage Sludge EFW|Sewage Sludge]] || Now managed exclusively in the UK as part of waste water integrated treatment process by the [[Sewerage Undertakers]] (two plants operated by [[Thames Water]] and the third by [[United Utilities]]). The trend in the sector is increasingly to use advanced [[AD]] to extract energy from the [[Biogas]] generated. || 0.10 || 23
| [[Sewage Sludge EFW|Sewage Sludge]] || Managed exclusively in the UK as part of waste water integrated treatment process by the [[Sewerage Undertakers]] (two plants were operated by [[Thames Water]] and a third by [[United Utilities]]). The trend in the sector is increasingly to use advanced [[AD]] to extract energy from the [[Biogas]] generated. || 0.10 || 23
|-
|-
| Process Residues || By-products from processing all forms of biomass that have significant energy potential and include kernels, shavings, sawdust, chaff) etc|| 0.09 || 45
| Process Residues || By-products from processing all forms of biomass that have significant energy potential and include kernels, shavings, sawdust, chaff) etc|| 0.09 || 45
Line 20: Line 24:
| Liquid Biomass || Also known as [[Biofuel]] and is any kind of liquid produced from solid matter|| NA || NA
| Liquid Biomass || Also known as [[Biofuel]] and is any kind of liquid produced from solid matter|| NA || NA
|-
|-
| [[Virgin Wood]] & [[Energy Crops]] || There are currently 15 biomass facilities in operation taking [[Virgin Wood]] with another four taking a combination of [[Wood Waste]] and [[Virgin Wood]]; two remain under construction || 2.36 || 1516
| [[Virgin Wood]] & [[Energy Crops]] || There were 15 biomass facilities in operation taking [[Virgin Wood]] with another four taking a combination of [[Wood Waste]] and [[Virgin Wood]] (these figures exclude [[Drax Power Station]]); two were under construction || 2.36 || 1516
|-
|-
| Total || || 5.73 || 4226
| Total || || 5.73 || 4226
|}
|}


[[File:Tolvik Biomass Map.jpg|800px|center|Tolvik Biomass Map]]
The [[Biomass]] capacity of UK [[EfW]] plants is generally increasing, and from 2016 to 2017 the amount of [[Biomass]] being processed by UK facilities increased by 6.9%<ref name='bio1' />. Analysis undertaken as part of compiling the operational capacity for the year 2018 for WikiWaste showed that 2,047,904 tonnes of [[Wood Waste]] went to the listed plants (with some plants not reporting tonnage), and just under 20,000 tonnes went to other facilities (primarily [[Tunstead]] [[Cement Kiln]]). However, several plants were operating at under design capacity, and if the capacity was considered (including co-firing plants at current rates and dedicated capacity for [[Wood Waste]] at design/plated capacity) then the overall capacity is 3,430,537 tonnes. This represents a significant proportion of the total [[Wood Waste]] market and it is questionable if all the operational sites that follow will be sustainable with the current availability of [[Wood Waste]] in the market.


Image above taken from Tolvik Biomass report<ref name='bio1' /> representing the main plants handling the tonnage summarized in the table above.
==Operational Biomass EFW==
{{#clear_external_data:}}
{{#get_db_data: db=engy |from=biomass |where=status='Operational' |data=site=site,id=id,capacity=capacity,mainfeed=mainfeed}}


==Biomass EFW Sites==
The following table summarizes the number of plants that follow in the second, longer list, which captures all 91 [[Biomass]] sites that were operational as of January 2022, (this list includes both virgin Biomass (dedicated) and waste related Biomass EFW). More detailed information can be found on a site/plant by clicking through to the site-specific page (at this stage WikiWaste has focused on the detailed pages for waste-related sites/plants only, including [[Wood Waste]] (highlighted green on the map), [[MBM]], [[Sewage Sludge EFW|Sewage Sludge]] and [[Agricultural Waste]] including poultry litter and straw:
In 2017, there were 39 operational Biomass EfW facilities in the UK with an electrical output exceeding 2.5 MW; the total [[Biomass]] capacity of these plants is 5.73 Mt (excluding fuel imported by [[Drax]]), and these plants combined produced 4,226 GWh of power. The [[Biomass]] capacity of UK [[EfW]] plants is generally increasing, and from 2016-2017 the amount of [[Biomass]] being processed by UK facilities increased by 6.9%<ref name='bio1' />.


An example of a Biomass EfW facility in the UK is [[Welland Bio Power]] in [[Northamptonshire County Council|Northamptonshire]], accepting 72,000 tonnes of [[Wood Waste|waste wood]] per year, and producing 10.6 MWe (gross) of electricity. [[Welland Bio Power]] utilizes [[Nexterra]] [[Gasification]] technology and was developed by [[CoGen Limited]]<ref>CoGen, 2019. [https://www.cogenuk.com/projects Projects — CoGen. [online] CoGen.] [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019].</ref>.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Material Type !! No. of Plants in List
|-
| [[Wood Waste]] || 32
|-
| [[MBM]] || 5
|-
| [[Sewage Sludge EFW|Sewage Sludge]] || 2
|-
| [[Agricultural Waste]] || 7
|-
| Non-Waste Biomass || 45
|}


[[File:Bioops.png|600px|right|Locations of Operational Biomass EfWs in the UK]]
{|Class="wikitable sortable"
! ID !! Site Name !! Feedstock !! Capacity (MW)
{{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{{id}}}.
{{!}} [[{{{site}}}]]
{{!}} {{{mainfeed}}}
{{!}} {{{capacity}}}
}}
|}
==Under Construction Biomass EFW==
{{#clear_external_data:}}
{{#get_db_data: db=engy |from=biomass |where=status='Under Construction' |data=site=site,id=id,capacity=capacity,mainfeed=mainfeed}}
The following list summarizes all [[Biomass]] sites that were under construction as of January 2020, and includes both waste and non-waste biomass facilities. Limited summary information is in the table, and more detailed information can be found by clicking through to the site-specific page (at this stage WikiWaste has focused on the detailed pages for waste-related sites only, which in this case are 3 [[Wood Waste]] facilities only which are highlighted green on the map):
[[File:Biouc.png|600px|right|Locations of Under Construction Biomass EfWs in the UK]]
{|Class="wikitable sortable"
! ID !! Site Name !! Main Feedstock !! Capacity (MW)
{{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{{id}}}.
{{!}} [[{{{site}}}]]
{{!}} {{{mainfeed}}}
{{!}} {{{capacity}}}
}}
|}
<br clear=all>
==Planning Biomass EFW==
{{#clear_external_data:}}
{{#get_db_data: db=engy |from=biomass |where=status='Planning' |data=site=site,id=id,capacity=capacity,mainfeed=mainfeed}}
The following list summarizes all [[Biomass]] sites that were in planning as of January 2020, and not just waste related Biomass EFW. Limited summary information is in the table, and more detailed information can be found by clicking through to the site-specific page (at this stage WikiWaste has focused on the detailed pages for waste-related sites only, which in this case are 4 [[Wood Waste]] facilities only which are highlighted green on the map)):
[[File:Bioplan.png|600px|right|Locations of Planning Biomass EfWs in the UK]]
{|Class="wikitable sortable"
! ID !! Site Name !! Main Feedstock !! Capacity (MW)
{{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{{id}}}.
{{!}} {{{site}}}
{{!}} {{{mainfeed}}}
{{!}} {{{capacity}}}
}}
|}
<br clear=all>


==[[Biomass]] in [[Residual Waste EFW]]==
==[[Biomass]] in [[Residual Waste EFW]]==
Line 39: Line 106:


The non-biomass portion of waste feedstock (e.g. plastics) produce a similar product gas to biomass-derived gas. Additionally, they both have similar fuel characteristics, like high volatile matter content and low fixed carbon content. Subsequently, this enables similar processing conditions and gas cleaning techniques to be used in waste and biomass [[EfW]] facilities. However, significant differences do still exist between these two feedstocks, for example, generally higher ash content and higher content of other contaminants in a mixed waste feedstock and these warrant specific changes in the [[EfW]] process<ref>Waldheim, 2018. [https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/IEA-Bioenergy-Task-33-Gasification-of-waste-for-energy-carriers-20181205-1.pdf Gasification of waste for energy carriers. A review. IEA Bioenergy], [online] ISBN 978-1-910154-56-4.  p.16. [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019].</ref> and lead to more stringent control systems to ensure compliance with the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]].
The non-biomass portion of waste feedstock (e.g. plastics) produce a similar product gas to biomass-derived gas. Additionally, they both have similar fuel characteristics, like high volatile matter content and low fixed carbon content. Subsequently, this enables similar processing conditions and gas cleaning techniques to be used in waste and biomass [[EfW]] facilities. However, significant differences do still exist between these two feedstocks, for example, generally higher ash content and higher content of other contaminants in a mixed waste feedstock and these warrant specific changes in the [[EfW]] process<ref>Waldheim, 2018. [https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/IEA-Bioenergy-Task-33-Gasification-of-waste-for-energy-carriers-20181205-1.pdf Gasification of waste for energy carriers. A review. IEA Bioenergy], [online] ISBN 978-1-910154-56-4.  p.16. [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019].</ref> and lead to more stringent control systems to ensure compliance with the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]].




==References==
==References==
<references />
<references />
Retrieved from ‘https://wikiwaste.org.uk/index.php/Biomass_Waste_EFW’