Cement Kilns: Difference between revisions

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==The Process==

There are six main stages of cement ~~manufacture~~<ref>https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement/106-cement-manufacturing-process</ref>:

There are six main stages of the manufacture of Portland cement<ref>https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement/106-cement-manufacturing-process</ref>:

* Stage 1 - '''Raw Material Extraction''': raw ingredients include limestone, sand and clay, shale, fly ash, mill scale and bauxite. Materials are mined, crushed and reduced in size.

* Stage 2 - '''Grinding, Proportioning and Blending''': the production of a fine homogeneous mix with additives that comprises primarily around 80% limestone and 20% clay.

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In 2018 the UK produced 7,734,000 tonnes of clinker (from a total listed clinker capacity of UK cement kilns of 10,400,000 tonnes or 74% of capacity), leading to to the manufacture and sale of 10,076,000 million tonnes of cement (including 935,000 tonnes of imported cement) by the five main companies in the UK. Imports by others and other cementitious materials (fly ash and GGBS) bought the total UK cementitious materials to 15,188,000 tonnes in 2018<ref>[https://cement.mineralproducts.org/documents/2018-07-23_ANNUAL_Cementitious.pdf MPA Annual Cementitious 2001-2018]</ref>.

An alternative to ~~the~~ Portland cement ~~product~~ set out above is the process undertaken at [[Purfleet| Purfleet cement kiln]] which is focused on the production of High Alumina Cement (HAC) also known as calcium aluminate cement (CAC). HAC ~~was first developed by Lafarge in the UK in 1925~~ for applications that ~~required~~ a resistance to chemical attack~~. They are relatively expensive~~ and ~~used in a limited number of applications,~~ with no evidence of the use of waste in their production. Typical uses include<ref>[https://www.imerysaluminates.com/content/en/Our-solutions/Products/CIMENT-FONDU/index.php Imerys Aluminates Website]</ref>:

An alternative to Portland cement set out above is the process undertaken at [[Purfleet| Purfleet cement kiln]] which is focused on the production of High Alumina Cement (HAC) also known as calcium aluminate cement (CAC). HAC is used for applications that require a resistance to chemical attack, and with no evidence of the use of waste in their production, the site at Purfleet is included in WikiWaste for completeness only. Typical uses include<ref>[https://www.imerysaluminates.com/content/en/Our-solutions/Products/CIMENT-FONDU/index.php Imerys Aluminates Website]</ref>:

* a reagent in formulated products

* an hydraulic binder base for refractory and specialty concrete

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 ==The Process==
-There are six main stages of cement manufacture<ref>https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement/106-cement-manufacturing-process</ref>:
+There are six main stages of the manufacture of Portland cement<ref>https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement/106-cement-manufacturing-process</ref>:
 * Stage 1 - '''Raw Material Extraction''': raw ingredients include limestone, sand and clay, shale, fly ash, mill scale and bauxite. Materials are mined, crushed and reduced in size.
 * Stage 2 - '''Grinding, Proportioning and Blending''': the production of a fine homogeneous mix with additives that comprises primarily around 80% limestone and 20% clay.
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 In 2018 the UK produced 7,734,000 tonnes of clinker (from a total listed clinker capacity of UK cement kilns of 10,400,000 tonnes or 74% of capacity), leading to to the manufacture and sale of 10,076,000 million tonnes of cement (including 935,000 tonnes of imported cement) by the five main companies in the UK. Imports by others and other cementitious materials (fly ash and GGBS) bought the total UK cementitious materials to 15,188,000 tonnes in 2018<ref>[https://cement.mineralproducts.org/documents/2018-07-23_ANNUAL_Cementitious.pdf MPA Annual Cementitious 2001-2018]</ref>.
-An alternative to the Portland cement product set out above is the process undertaken at [[Purfleet| Purfleet cement kiln]] which is focused on the production of High Alumina Cement (HAC) also known as calcium aluminate cement (CAC). HAC was first developed by Lafarge in the UK in 1925 for applications that required a resistance to chemical attack. They are relatively expensive and used in a limited number of applications, with no evidence of the use of waste in their production. Typical uses include<ref>[https://www.imerysaluminates.com/content/en/Our-solutions/Products/CIMENT-FONDU/index.php Imerys Aluminates Website]</ref>:
+An alternative to Portland cement set out above is the process undertaken at [[Purfleet| Purfleet cement kiln]] which is focused on the production of High Alumina Cement (HAC) also known as calcium aluminate cement (CAC). HAC is used for applications that require a resistance to chemical attack, and with no evidence of the use of waste in their production, the site at Purfleet is included in WikiWaste for completeness only. Typical uses include<ref>[https://www.imerysaluminates.com/content/en/Our-solutions/Products/CIMENT-FONDU/index.php Imerys Aluminates Website]</ref>:
 * a reagent in formulated products
 * an hydraulic binder base for refractory and specialty concrete