Incineration: Difference between revisions
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[[Category:Technologies & Solutions]] | [[Category:Technologies & Solutions]] | ||
Within waste terms [[Incineration]] is a form of waste | Within waste terms [[Incineration]] is a form of thermal [[treatment]] of waste for [[disposal]] or [[recovery]] which can be described by waste origin (e.g. Municipal Incinerators), by the nature of the waste (e.g. Hazardous Waste Incinerators) or by the method/type of incineration (e.g. High Temperature Incinerators)(adapted from most recent BREF guidance<ref name="Inc">[https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/new-eu-environmental-standards-waste-incineration BAT and BREF for Waste incineration]</ref>). | ||
==Context and Definition== | ==Context and Definition== | ||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
!colspan=2|Legislation!!rowspan=7| !!Types!!Temp. Range!!Category!!rowspan=7| !!Kiln/Furnace/Reactor | !colspan=2|Definitions in Legislation!!rowspan=7| !!Types!!Temp. Range °C!!Category!!rowspan=7| !!Kiln/Furnace/Reactor | ||
|- | |- | ||
|rowspan=6|Incineration||rowspan=3|With Energy Recovery||rowspan=2|Combustion|| rowspan=2|800 - 1450||rowspan=2|Thermal Treatment|| Grate | |rowspan=6|[[Incineration]]||rowspan=3|[[Incineration with Energy Recovery|With Energy Recovery]]||rowspan=2|[[Combustion]]|| rowspan=2|800 - 1450||rowspan=2|[[Treatment|Thermal Treatment]]|| [[Grate]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Fluidised Bed | |[[Fluidised Bed]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|rowspan=2|Gasification||rowspan=2|500 - 1600||rowspan=2| | |rowspan=2|[[Gasification]]||rowspan=2|500 - 1600||rowspan=2| [[Advanced Thermal Treatment]] ([[ATT]] and [[ACT]])||[[Reciprocating & Rotary]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|rowspan=3|Without Energy Recovery||Plasma | |rowspan=3|[[Incineration without Energy Recovery|Without Energy Recovery]]||[[Plasma]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|rowspan=2|Pyrolysis||rowspan=2|250 - 700||rowspan=2| | |rowspan=2|[[Pyrolysis]]||rowspan=2|250 - 700||rowspan=2|[[Advanced Thermal Treatment]] ([[ATT]] and [[ACT]]) ||[[Heated Tube]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Surface contact | |[[Surface contact]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
In legal terms, a ‘waste incineration plant’ means any stationary or mobile technical unit and equipment dedicated to the thermal treatment of waste, with or without recovery of any energy generated. If the Incinerator can be shown to meet the energy efficiency measurement of [[R1]] it can be classified as a [[recovery]] facility, if it cannot it is classified as a [[disposal]] facility<ref>https://data.gov.uk/dataset/8287c81b-2288-4f14-9068-52bfda396402/r1-status-of-incinerators-in-england</ref>. This means that an incinerator that generates power, and is a net exporter of power, but does not meet the energy efficiency of [[R1]], can be described as an [[Energy from Waste]] ([[EfW]]) facility, even though it is legally classified as a [[disposal]] facility. An incinerator that does meet the [[R1]] criteria is the only type of incinerator under the legislation that can legitimately describe itself as an [[Energy Recovery Facility]] ([[ERF]]). | |||
'' | Therefore, the activity is termed [[Incineration]], regardless of the amount of energy generated, or whether the thermal [[treatment]] is of the waste, or whether the gases resulting from the thermal [[treatment]] are subsequently incinerated<ref name='ref01'>European Commission, 2010 Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Official Journal of the European Union.</ref> <ref>As an example, a [[Pyrolysis]] facility that burnt the produced [[Syngas]] to generate electricity would be Incineration, whereas a [[Pyrolysis]] facility that processed [[Syngas]] for vehicle fuel would not be classed as an incinerator</ref>. The three main types of thermal process are: | ||
* [[Combustion]], | |||
* [[Gasification]] | |||
* [[Pyrolysis]] | |||
The large majority of incinerators built and operating to date in the UK are based on 'conventional' combustion, with some development of [[Gasification]] and [[Pyrolysis]] over the last 10 to 15 years in the UK, with varying degrees of success. These [[ATT]]/[[ACT]] types of technology were encouraged by the subsidies available for power generation under the [[Renewables Obligation]]. The three types of incineration can have a variety of different furnaces (also termed kilns and reactors) and associated systems to ensure the uniform treatment and residence time of the waste in the kiln/reactor. The most common systems for [[Municipal Solid Waste]] (and similar [[Residual Waste]]) are [[Grate]] based (there are at least five different type of [[Grate]]). For the [[treatment]] of [[Hazardous Waste]] the more common systems are based on [[Rotary Kilns]]. | |||
==Emissions== | ==Emissions== | ||
The standards for emissions limits, monitoring, waste reception and treatment standards that are acceptable for waste incineration plants were set in the [[Waste Incineration Directive]] (2000/76/EC) and updated in the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]] (2010/75/EU)<ref name='ref01' />. The [[Industrial Emissions Directive]] provides the framework for regulating across the EU and requires such installations to hold a [[Environmental Permit|Permit]] based on the use of [[Best Available Technique]] ([[BAT]]). | The standards for emissions limits, monitoring, waste reception and treatment standards that are acceptable for waste incineration plants were set in the [[Waste Incineration Directive]] (2000/76/EC) and updated in the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]] (2010/75/EU)<ref name='ref01' />. The [[Industrial Emissions Directive]] provides the framework for regulating across the EU and requires such installations to hold a [[Environmental Permit|Permit]] based on the use of [[Best Available Technique]] ([[BAT]]). | ||
On the 3rd December 2019 new EU standards were published for waste incineration <ref | On the 3rd December 2019 new EU standards were published for waste incineration <ref name="Inc" /> for new emissions, monitoring and efficiency standards. The new specifications stem from a review of [[Best Available Technique]] ([[BAT]]) Reference Document ([[BREF]]) for Waste Incineration. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Revision as of 10:05, 5 February 2021
Within waste terms Incineration is a form of thermal treatment of waste for disposal or recovery which can be described by waste origin (e.g. Municipal Incinerators), by the nature of the waste (e.g. Hazardous Waste Incinerators) or by the method/type of incineration (e.g. High Temperature Incinerators)(adapted from most recent BREF guidance[1]).
Context and Definition
| Definitions in Legislation | Types | Temp. Range °C | Category | Kiln/Furnace/Reactor | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incineration | With Energy Recovery | Combustion | 800 - 1450 | Thermal Treatment | Grate | ||
| Fluidised Bed | |||||||
| Gasification | 500 - 1600 | Advanced Thermal Treatment (ATT and ACT) | Reciprocating & Rotary | ||||
| Without Energy Recovery | Plasma | ||||||
| Pyrolysis | 250 - 700 | Advanced Thermal Treatment (ATT and ACT) | Heated Tube | ||||
| Surface contact | |||||||
In legal terms, a ‘waste incineration plant’ means any stationary or mobile technical unit and equipment dedicated to the thermal treatment of waste, with or without recovery of any energy generated. If the Incinerator can be shown to meet the energy efficiency measurement of R1 it can be classified as a recovery facility, if it cannot it is classified as a disposal facility[2]. This means that an incinerator that generates power, and is a net exporter of power, but does not meet the energy efficiency of R1, can be described as an Energy from Waste (EfW) facility, even though it is legally classified as a disposal facility. An incinerator that does meet the R1 criteria is the only type of incinerator under the legislation that can legitimately describe itself as an Energy Recovery Facility (ERF).
Therefore, the activity is termed Incineration, regardless of the amount of energy generated, or whether the thermal treatment is of the waste, or whether the gases resulting from the thermal treatment are subsequently incinerated[3] [4]. The three main types of thermal process are:
The large majority of incinerators built and operating to date in the UK are based on 'conventional' combustion, with some development of Gasification and Pyrolysis over the last 10 to 15 years in the UK, with varying degrees of success. These ATT/ACT types of technology were encouraged by the subsidies available for power generation under the Renewables Obligation. The three types of incineration can have a variety of different furnaces (also termed kilns and reactors) and associated systems to ensure the uniform treatment and residence time of the waste in the kiln/reactor. The most common systems for Municipal Solid Waste (and similar Residual Waste) are Grate based (there are at least five different type of Grate). For the treatment of Hazardous Waste the more common systems are based on Rotary Kilns.
Emissions
The standards for emissions limits, monitoring, waste reception and treatment standards that are acceptable for waste incineration plants were set in the Waste Incineration Directive (2000/76/EC) and updated in the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU)[3]. The Industrial Emissions Directive provides the framework for regulating across the EU and requires such installations to hold a Permit based on the use of Best Available Technique (BAT).
On the 3rd December 2019 new EU standards were published for waste incineration [1] for new emissions, monitoring and efficiency standards. The new specifications stem from a review of Best Available Technique (BAT) Reference Document (BREF) for Waste Incineration.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 BAT and BREF for Waste incineration
- ↑ https://data.gov.uk/dataset/8287c81b-2288-4f14-9068-52bfda396402/r1-status-of-incinerators-in-england
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 European Commission, 2010 Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Official Journal of the European Union.
- ↑ As an example, a Pyrolysis facility that burnt the produced Syngas to generate electricity would be Incineration, whereas a Pyrolysis facility that processed Syngas for vehicle fuel would not be classed as an incinerator