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{{#clear_external_data:}}
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[[Category:Technologies & Solutions]]
[[Category:Technologies & Solutions]]
[[Residual Waste]] can be used as a feedstock for [[Energy from Waste]] ([[EfW]]) facilities and [[Residual Waste]] is considered as partially renewable or a low carbon energy source as a result of the energy produced from the fraction of [[Residual Waste]] derived from [[Biomass]] that is considered renewable<ref name="foo> Defra, 2014. [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/24612/pb14130-energy-waste-201402.pdf Energy from Waste: A guide to the debate February 2014 (revised edition).] London.</ref>. This page reports that as at March 2021 [[Residual Waste EFW]] operational 'plated capacity' was '''16,353,589 tonnes''' and in construction 'plated capacity' of '''5,714,000 tonnes''', a total of '''22,067,589 tonnes''' which is around 75% of [[Residual Waste]] suitable for [[Energy from Waste]].  
 
[[Residual Waste]] can be used as a feedstock for [[Energy from Waste]] ([[EfW]]) facilities and [[Residual Waste]] is considered as partially renewable or a low carbon energy source as a result of the energy produced from the fraction of [[Residual Waste]] derived from [[Biomass]] that is considered renewable<ref name="foo> Defra, 2014. [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/24612/pb14130-energy-waste-201402.pdf Energy from Waste: A guide to the debate February 2014 (revised edition).] London.</ref>. This page reports that as at March 2021 [[Residual Waste EFW]] operational 'plated capacity' was '''{{formatnum: {{#var:opston}}}} kt''' and in construction 'plated capacity' of '''{{formatnum: {{#var:ucston}}}} kt''', a total of '''{{formatnum: {{#expr: {{#var:opston}} + {{#var:ucston}}}}}} kt''' which is around 75% of [[Residual Waste]] suitable for [[Energy from Waste]].
[[File:Ferrybridge 2.png|400px|left|Ferrybridge 2 (with Ferrybridge 1 in background) - which will be the largest 'single site' for Residual Waste EFW in the UK when both are fully operational]]__TOC__
[[File:Ferrybridge 2.png|400px|left|Ferrybridge 2 (with Ferrybridge 1 in background) - which will be the largest 'single site' for Residual Waste EFW in the UK when both are fully operational]]__TOC__
<br clear='left'/>
<br clear='left'/>
==Operational EfW==
==Operational EfW==
{{#clear_external_data:}}
The following list summarises all [[EfW]] sites that were operational as of March 2021, with limited summary information in the table. More detailed information can be found by clicking through to the site-specific page, the total 'plated capacity' is '''{{formatnum: {{#var:opston}}}} kt''':
{{#get_db_data: db=engy|from=efwdb | where=status='Operational' | data=tton=sum(cap)}}
 
The following list summarises all [[EfW]] sites that were operational as of March 2021, with limited summary information in the table. More detailed information can be found by clicking through to the site-specific page, the total 'plated capacity' is '''16,353,589 tonnes''': '''{{formatnum: {{#external_value:tton}}}} kt'''
[[File:Location of EfWs in UK.png|600px|right|Locations of Operational residual waste EfWs in the UK]]
[[File:Location of EfWs in UK.png|600px|right|Locations of Operational residual waste EfWs in the UK]]
{{#clear_external_data:}}
{{#clear_external_data:}}
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==Growth in Residual Waste [[EfW]]==
==Growth in Residual Waste [[EfW]]==
Historically, the UK has been very dependent on [[Landfill]] or [[Incineration without Energy Recovery]] for [[Disposal]] of [[Residual Waste]]. The landfill diversion targets set in the mid 1990s promoted [[EfW]] developments. The diversion of residual waste away from [[Landfill]] and into [[EfW]] processes was intended to reduce emissions of methane and pollution originating from [[Landfill]] sites and increase production of renewable energy<ref name="foo" />. [[Energy from Waste]] is the now the main method for dealing with [[Residual Waste]], with [[Landfill]] of [[Residual Waste]] being the least preferred method, as outlined in the [[Waste Hierarchy]]<ref name="foo" />.  
Historically, the UK has been very dependent on [[Landfill]] or [[Incineration without Energy Recovery]] for [[Disposal]] of [[Residual Waste]]. The landfill diversion targets set in the mid 1990s promoted [[EfW]] developments. The diversion of residual waste away from [[Landfill]] and into [[EfW]] processes was intended to reduce emissions of methane and pollution originating from [[Landfill]] sites and increase production of renewable energy<ref name="foo" />. [[Energy from Waste]] is the now the main method for dealing with [[Residual Waste]], with [[Landfill]] of [[Residual Waste]] being the least preferred method, as outlined in the [[Waste Hierarchy]]<ref name="foo" />.


In 2019, the amount of residual waste that was sent to [[EfW]] processes in the UK increased by 9.9%, amounting to a total of 12.6 million tonnes being sent to 48 operational EfW facilities across the UK<ref name="foo2> [https://www.tolvik.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Tolvik-UK-EfW-Statistics-2019-Report-published-May-2020.pdf Derived from Tolvik EFW Statistics 2019, Published May 2020]</ref>. This was against a headline/plated capacity of 15,400,000 tonnes of operational capacity and a further 3,900,000 tonnes of late stage commissioning and in construction 'plated' capacity at that time. This represented 45.5% of the total [[Residual Waste]] produced in the UK in 2019 (increasing from 41.8% in 2018)<ref name="foo2" />. The total net power exported from [[EfW]] facilities in 2019 was 6,703 GWh, this supplied 2.0% of the total UK power generation, and gives an average of 531 kWh of power generated per tonne of residual waste treated at UK [[EfW]] facilities<ref name="foo2" />.
In 2019, the amount of residual waste that was sent to [[EfW]] processes in the UK increased by 9.9%, amounting to a total of 12.6 million tonnes being sent to 48 operational EfW facilities across the UK<ref name="foo2> [https://www.tolvik.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Tolvik-UK-EfW-Statistics-2019-Report-published-May-2020.pdf Derived from Tolvik EFW Statistics 2019, Published May 2020]</ref>. This was against a headline/plated capacity of 15,400,000 tonnes of operational capacity and a further 3,900,000 tonnes of late stage commissioning and in construction 'plated' capacity at that time. This represented 45.5% of the total [[Residual Waste]] produced in the UK in 2019 (increasing from 41.8% in 2018)<ref name="foo2" />. The total net power exported from [[EfW]] facilities in 2019 was 6,703 GWh, this supplied 2.0% of the total UK power generation, and gives an average of 531 kWh of power generated per tonne of residual waste treated at UK [[EfW]] facilities<ref name="foo2" />.
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==Under Construction EfW==
==Under Construction EfW==
 
The following list summarises all [[EfW]] sites that were under construction in March 2021, with limited summary information in the table and more detailed information by clicking through to the site-specific page . Historically there have been some plants that have not passed from construction to operation due to commissioning issues and are not listed i.e. [[Air Products]]. Several of the plants listed below that are presently in extended commissioning are based on [[Gasification]] technologies, but no comment is made as to whether they will reach full operational capacity. The total 'plated capacity' is '''{{formatnum: {{#var: ucston}}}} kt'''.
{{#clear_external_data:}}
{{#get_db_data: db=engy|from=efwdb | where=status='Under Construction' | data=tton=sum(cap)}}
The following list summarises all [[EfW]] sites that were under construction in March 2021, with limited summary information in the table and more detailed information by clicking through to the site-specific page . Historically there have been some plants that have not passed from construction to operation due to commissioning issues and are not listed i.e. [[Air Products]]. Several of the plants listed below that are presently in extended commissioning are based on [[Gasification]] technologies, but no comment is made as to whether they will reach full operational capacity. The total 'plated capacity' is '''5,714,000 tonnes'''. '''{{formatnum: {{#external_value:tton}} kt'''


[[File:Under Construction EfW UK.png|600px|right|Under Construction EfW within the UK.]]
[[File:Under Construction EfW UK.png|600px|right|Under Construction EfW within the UK.]]
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==In Planning EfW==
==In Planning EfW==
The following list summarises all [[EfW]] sites that were in the planning process as at March 2021, which comprises those that have received [[Planning Permission|planning permission]] at some point and those that are presently in the consultation process seeking [[Planning Permission|planning permission]]. The total 'plated capacity' shown in the tables below is '''{{formatnum: {{#expr: {{#var:planton}} + {{#var:conston}}}}}} kt''' (Planning: '''{{formatnum: {{#var:planton}}}} kt''', Consulation: '''{{formatnum: {{#var:conston}}}} kt''').


{{#clear_external_data:}}
In addition there are some plants below which have been reported as commencing construction, but this only applied to initial works or the construction of adjacent infrastructure, and not the [[EfW]] element of the project. The sites that fall into this category (i.e. the [[EfW]] is not thought to be under construction) in the list below include ID numbers 53, 59, 60, 63, 65, and 68.
{{#get_db_data: db=engy|from=efwdb | where=status='Planning' | data=tton=sum(cap)}}
The following list summarises all [[EfW]] sites that were in the planning process as at March 2021, which comprises those that have received [[Planning Permission|planning permission]] at some point and those that are presently in the consultation process seeking [[Planning Permission|planning permission]]. The total 'plated capacity' shown in the tables below is '''25,051,000 tonnes''' (Planning: '''{{formatnum: {{#external_value:tton}}}} kt''').
 
In addition there are some plants below which have been reported as commencing construction, but this only applied to initial works or the construction of adjacent infrastructure, and not the [[EfW]] element of the project. The sites that fall into this category (i.e. the [[EfW]] is not thought to be under construction) in the list below include ID numbers 53, 59, 60, 63, 65, and 68.  


No comment or note is made on those plants whose planning consent may have expired due to not being implemented within consented time limits, or the likelihood of them moving from this stage into construction, noting that the 'plated capacity' far exceeds the reported [[Residual Waste]] available to support them in the UK.
No comment or note is made on those plants whose planning consent may have expired due to not being implemented within consented time limits, or the likelihood of them moving from this stage into construction, noting that the 'plated capacity' far exceeds the reported [[Residual Waste]] available to support them in the UK.

Revision as of 13:11, 29 March 2021


Residual Waste can be used as a feedstock for Energy from Waste (EfW) facilities and Residual Waste is considered as partially renewable or a low carbon energy source as a result of the energy produced from the fraction of Residual Waste derived from Biomass that is considered renewable[1]. This page reports that as at March 2021 Residual Waste EFW operational 'plated capacity' was 19,170 kt and in construction 'plated capacity' of 6,210 kt, a total of 25,380 kt which is around 75% of Residual Waste suitable for Energy from Waste.

Ferrybridge 2 (with Ferrybridge 1 in background) - which will be the largest 'single site' for Residual Waste EFW in the UK when both are fully operational
Ferrybridge 2 (with Ferrybridge 1 in background) - which will be the largest 'single site' for Residual Waste EFW in the UK when both are fully operational


Operational EfW

The following list summarises all EfW sites that were operational as of March 2021, with limited summary information in the table. More detailed information can be found by clicking through to the site-specific page, the total 'plated capacity' is 19,170 kt:

Locations of Operational residual waste EfWs in the UK
Locations of Operational residual waste EfWs in the UK


ID Site Name Capacity (kt)

1. Runcorn EfW 1100
2. Riverside Resource Recovery Facility (RRRF) 850
3. Teeside EfW - lines 1-5 (Teeside & NEERC), Billingham. line 3 756
3. North East Energy Recovery Centre. Lines 4 & 5 0
3. North East Energy Recovery Centre. Lines 1&2 0
4. Ferrybridge Multifuel 1 (FM1) 725
5. Edmonton EcoPark EfW 750
6. Allington EFW 560
7. SELCHP ERF 464
8. Lakeside EfW 468
9. Wilton 11 EfW 500
10. Trident Park (Cardiff ERF) 425
11. Tyseley ERF 441
12. Severnside Energy Recovery Centre 467
13. Greatmoor EfW 345
14. Four Ashes EfW (Staffordshire ERF) (W2R) 340
15. Ardley EfW 378
16. Allerton Waste Recovery Park (EfW) 320
17. Coventry EfW Plant 315
18. Great Blakenham EfW 295
19. North Yard EfW (Devonport EfW CHP Facility) 275
20. Cornwall ERC 240
21. Sheffield ERF 245
22. North Quay ERF (Newhaven) 242
23. Marchwood ERF (Integra South West) 220
24. Portsmouth ERF (Integra South East) 220
25. Stoke-on-Trent EfW 210
26. EnviRecover - Hartlebury EFW 230
27. Eastcroft EfW (Lines 1 & 2) 200
28. Leeds Recycling & ERF (Cross Green ERF) 190
30. Lincolnshire EFW 190
31. Vine Street EfW (Kirkless EfW) 135
32. Glasgow Renewable Energy and Recycling Centre (ACT) 154
33. Bolton TRF 128
34. Baldovie and Dundee EfW 260
34. Dundee EfW CHP Facility 0
35. Wolverhampton EfW 118
36. Chineham ERF (Integra North) 110
37. Dudley EfW 105
38. Battlefield EfW 102
39. Milton Keynes Waste Recovery Park 140
40. Peterborough EfW 110
41. Lancing EfW 75
42. Exeter Energy Recovery Facility 60
43. Newlincs EfW 56
44. Lerwick Energy Recovery Plant (Shetland EfW Plant) 24
47. Rookery Pit Energy Recovery Facility (Rookery South) 585
48. Ferrybridge Multifuel 2 (FM2) 725
49. Kemsley K3 EfW 657
50. Severn Road Resource Recovery Centre 377
51. Dunbar EfW (Oxwellmains EfW) 390
52. Beddington EfW 347
54. Energy Works (Hull) 315
55. Parc Adfer EfW 232
56. Javelin Park EfW 190
57. Levenseat EfW 97
58. Millerhill EfW 190
61. Belfast Harbour Estate 144
66. Charlton Lane Eco Park (ACT) 55
67. Isle of Wight Waste Recovery Park 44
68. Sustainable Energy Centre 15
73. Newhurst EFW 455
78. Hooton Bio Power 260
148. Earls Gate Energy Centre 274
149. Baddersley EfW 130
151. NESS Energy Project 150

Summary site information is collated from a variety of sources including: Monksleigh[2], Tolvik[3], EA, SEPA, NRW, DEFRA, BEIS, UKWIN and owner and developer websites.

ID item 3 has multiple line entries - the capacity of all entries is shown once in the first line, consolidating the later ones and resulting in a 0 entry for those consolidated.

The map, right, contains the locations of all the sites listed above - please note that due to scale and cartographic limitations some of the numbers in the list might not be shown on the map due to sites being in close proximity, or sites in areas of high density. This does not mean that the site marker is not there. An example of this is Ferrybridge Multifuel 1 (FM1) and Ferrybridge Multifuel 2 (FM2) as both are in geographically similar locations, being a few 100m apart, and as a result the location markers will appear on top of each other, and as a result one will block the other's numerical id. This also applies to the following maps on sites in construction and planning.

Growth in Residual Waste EfW

Historically, the UK has been very dependent on Landfill or Incineration without Energy Recovery for Disposal of Residual Waste. The landfill diversion targets set in the mid 1990s promoted EfW developments. The diversion of residual waste away from Landfill and into EfW processes was intended to reduce emissions of methane and pollution originating from Landfill sites and increase production of renewable energy[1]. Energy from Waste is the now the main method for dealing with Residual Waste, with Landfill of Residual Waste being the least preferred method, as outlined in the Waste Hierarchy[1].

In 2019, the amount of residual waste that was sent to EfW processes in the UK increased by 9.9%, amounting to a total of 12.6 million tonnes being sent to 48 operational EfW facilities across the UK[4]. This was against a headline/plated capacity of 15,400,000 tonnes of operational capacity and a further 3,900,000 tonnes of late stage commissioning and in construction 'plated' capacity at that time. This represented 45.5% of the total Residual Waste produced in the UK in 2019 (increasing from 41.8% in 2018)[4]. The total net power exported from EfW facilities in 2019 was 6,703 GWh, this supplied 2.0% of the total UK power generation, and gives an average of 531 kWh of power generated per tonne of residual waste treated at UK EfW facilities[4]. ‌ The graph below displays how the tonnage of residual waste processes by UK EfW facilities has changed over recent years, and is based on that received rather than the 'plated' capacity of the plants in operation and construction (18,500,000 tonnes reported by Tolvik[4] at the end of 2019, whereas this page reports 22,067,589 tonnes as at March 2021).

Changes in residual waste tonnage processed by EfWs[4]
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Table Summarizing Graph Data
Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Tonnes 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.2 5.5 6.7 8.4 10.1 10.9 11.5 12.6


The table below shows the power and heat generation from residual waste EfW facilities in the UK between 2014-2018.[4]

Power and Heat Table
Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Net Power Export (GWhe) 3,368 4,636 5,291 6,258 6,230 6,703
Net Heat Export (GWhth) NA 554 730 865 1,112 1,384


England produced 12.5 million tonnes of Residual Waste from Households in 2016[5], and it is estimated that there will be an increase in EfW capacity for Residual Waste by 2 million tonnes/year by 2022 [6] but this is substantially lower than the plated capacity reported on this page.

With the increasing social, economic and political drive to Prevent, Reuse and Recycling more waste, in line with the Waste Hierarchy and the Circular Economy the amount of Residual Waste is expected to decrease in the medium to long term[1]. The exact magnitude of this reduction and the Residual Waste continuing to need to be delivered to EfW has been debated at length by different commentators over the last few years.

Under Construction EfW

The following list summarises all EfW sites that were under construction in March 2021, with limited summary information in the table and more detailed information by clicking through to the site-specific page . Historically there have been some plants that have not passed from construction to operation due to commissioning issues and are not listed i.e. Air Products. Several of the plants listed below that are presently in extended commissioning are based on Gasification technologies, but no comment is made as to whether they will reach full operational capacity. The total 'plated capacity' is 6,210 kt.

Under Construction EfW within the UK.
Under Construction EfW within the UK.


ID Site Name Capacity (kt)

45. North London Heat and Power (Edmonton EcoPark Replacement) 700
46. Lostock Sustainable Energy Plant 600
62. Showground Road 105
69. Riverside Energy Park (REP) 650
70. Rivenhall EFW 595
72. Protos EFW 400
75. Slough Multifuel EFW 480
76. Walsall Energy Recovery Facility 478
83. Binn Eco Park EFW 85
95. Drakelow Renewable Energy Centre 169
127. South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow 385
144. Drumgray Energy Recovery Centre (DERC) 300
146. Kelvin Energy Recovery Facility 400
170. Oldhall EfW Plant 180
178. Skelton Grange EfW Plant 435
184. Westfield EfW Plant 240
216. Advanced Biofuel Solutions 8

Summary site information collated from a variety of sources including: Monksleigh[2], Tolvik[3], EA, SEPA, NRW, DEFRA, BEIS, UKWIN and owner and developer websites

In Planning EfW

The following list summarises all EfW sites that were in the planning process as at March 2021, which comprises those that have received planning permission at some point and those that are presently in the consultation process seeking planning permission. The total 'plated capacity' shown in the tables below is 22,005 kt (Planning: 19,227 kt, Consulation: 2,778 kt).

In addition there are some plants below which have been reported as commencing construction, but this only applied to initial works or the construction of adjacent infrastructure, and not the EfW element of the project. The sites that fall into this category (i.e. the EfW is not thought to be under construction) in the list below include ID numbers 53, 59, 60, 63, 65, and 68.

No comment or note is made on those plants whose planning consent may have expired due to not being implemented within consented time limits, or the likelihood of them moving from this stage into construction, noting that the 'plated capacity' far exceeds the reported Residual Waste available to support them in the UK.

EfW Sites within UK in Planning
EfW Sites within UK in Planning

In Planning

ID Site Name Capacity (kt)

53. Enviroparks Hirwaun Generation Site 250
59. Bulwell Energy 160
60. Coatbridge Renewable Energy Facility 204
65. Swindon Energy Plant 70
71. North Beck Energy Centre 560
77. Houghton Main 260
82. Bilsthorpe Energy Centre 96
84. Bloomfield Recycling Depot (Re-submission) 180
86. The 3Rs Bradford 160
87. Gretton Brook Road, Corby 154
92. Clydach Refinery 103
93. Cornwall Bio Park (Redruth) 80
94. Derwenthaugh Ecoparc (resubmission) 90
97. Eastleigh 120
98. Eastcroft EfW (3rd Line) 140
100. Finmere Quarry 60
101. Fleetwood Energy Centre 80
102. Keighley EfW Plant, Former Gas Works, Aire Valley Road 100
103. Rotherham Renewable Energy Centre (Former Templeborough Steel Works) 215
104. Fort Industrial Park (Castle Bromwich) 105
105. Hams Hall National Distribution Park 150
106. Hangmans Lane 50
108. Killoch Depot 160
109. Kingmoor Park 250
110. Kingspan Insulation 240
111. Knowsley ERF 80
112. Land to the South of Knapton Quarry Landfill Site 110
113. Levenseat EfW Phase 2 315
117. Melton Waste Park/Solar 21 EfW plant 250
118. Moody Lane (Former Acordis site) Resubmission 170
120. Northacre RRC 243
122. Peterborough Energy Park (Green Energy Parks - Gasification) 350
124. Pond Green Energy Park 80
128. Southmoor Energy Centre 350
130. Greengate EfW Plant 330
131. Thames Gateway EfW (Resubmission) 200
132. The 3Rs Doncaster 350
134. Uskmouth Power Station (Subcoal) 450
136. Washwood Heath (resubmission) 128
138. Corby Energy Recovery Centre 357
139. Tilbury Docks - Phase 2 (EfW) 350
141. Garden of England Energy 104
142. Haverton Hill (line 6) 200
145. Keypoint Industrial Estate 150
147. Darwen Energy Recovery Plant 500
150. Medworth EFW CHP 626
152. Thainstone Inverurie Energy Park ERF 240
154. 3Rs EfW Plant, Horsham 180
155. Boston Alternative Energy Facility 1000
159. Chiltern Green Energy Park 500
161. Envirofusion EfW Plant (Alfreton) 5
162. EP South Humber Bank Energy Centre 750
163. Grundon Circular Technology Park 275
167. Hay Hall Bio Power 277
171. Llynfi Biomass Power 300
172. Longridge Road Energy Centre (Preston) 395
176. Protos (Bio-Sustainable Natural Gas) Plot 4 175
177. Redcar EfW Plant (South Tees) 350
181. Swansea EfW plant 30
189. Trostrey Court Farm Barns Clytha Road Trostrey Common Gwehelog (Usk) 42
191. Bandeath Industrial Estate, Throsk 60
192. Hill Barton Business Park 88
193. Magnetic Park Energy Centre 96
199. Hightown Quarry EFW 211
200. North Hampshire (Alton) 330
202. East Midlands Energy Re-Generation Centre (EMERGE) 500
203. Immingham 600
207. Energy and Resource Park, Kidderminister 75
208. Eco Park EFW (Parley) 50
213. South Tees Development Corportation/Redcar EFW 450
215. Teeside Renewable Energy Plant 333
217. Billingham Reach 375
220. Berry Lane ERC/Reading Quarry 150
221. New Road Billingham EFW 200
222. Graythorp Energy Centre 560
230. Thornton ERC 120
231. Medway Energy Hub 400
232. Plymouth EfW Facility 60
233. Immingham Railfreight Terminal 320

In Consultation

ID Site Name Capacity (kt)

63. Canford 260
206. Archers Fields Energy Recovery Facility 150
209. Portland EFW 183
210. Mossdown Road ERF 250
211. Deeside RDF Fuel Project 200
212. PD Ports, Teeside 300
214. Century Road, Saltend, Hull 320
218. PD Ports, Teeside 250
223. Consett ERF 60
226. Connect Waste (Chequers Lane) 75
227. North Lincolnshire Green Energy Park 650
228. Green Energy Hub 80


Summary site information collated from a variety of sources including: Monksleigh[2], Tolvik[3], EA, SEPA, NRW, DEFRA, BEIS, UKWIN and owner and developer websites

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Defra, 2014. Energy from Waste: A guide to the debate February 2014 (revised edition). London.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Monksleigh Ltd
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Tolvik
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Derived from Tolvik EFW Statistics 2019, Published May 2020
  5. ↑ DEFRA UK Statistics on Waste 2020
  6. ↑ Tolvik Consulting, 2017. UK Residual Waste: 2030 Market Review. Environmental Services Association.
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